Sugahara 2004

Methods	Study design: parallel RCT Duration of study: January 1995 to December 1997 Duration of follow‐up: 14 days
Participants	Setting: single‐centre Country: Japan Critically ill patients with AKI following coronary artery bypass graft who received RRT when hourly urinary output became ≤ 30 mL/h and SCr increased at the rate of 0.5 mg/dL/d or more Number: treatment group (18); control group (18) Mean age ± SD (years): treatment group (65 ± 3); control group (64 ± 2) Sex (M/F): treatment group (9/5); control group (9/5) Exclusion criteria: patients who were pregnant; severe hepatic dysfunction (serum bilirubin level ≥ 5.0 mg/dL); mental disorders; cancer; patients with proteinuria ≥ 2.0 g or SCr ≥ 1.4 mg/dL before surgery
Interventions	RRT modality CVVH Anticoagulation: nafamostat mesylate Treatment group Early‐start CRRT: when hourly urinary output became < 30 mL/h for 3 consecutive hours (or daily urinary output ≤ 750 mL) Conventional‐start CRRT: When hourly urinary output became < 20 mL/h for 2 consecutive hours (or daily urinary output ≤ 500 mL) Co‐interventions Not reported
Outcomes	Primary outcome Survival at day 14 Secondary outcome Recovery of kidney function
Notes	Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement; Quote: "All patients were divided randomly into two groups"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome measurement was unlikely to be influenced by lack of blinding (for kidney recovery was unclear risk but for death was low risk)
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	> 20% of included patients not reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Published report included survival and recovery of kidney function
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement

AIDS ‐ acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AKI ‐ acute kidney injury; BUN ‐ blood urea nitrogen; CKD ‐ chronic kidney disease; CrCl ‐ creatinine clearance; CRRT ‐ continuous renal replacement therapy; CVVH ‐ continuous venovenous haemofiltration; CVVHDF ‐ continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration; (e)GFR ‐ (estimated) glomerular filtration rate; GN ‐ glomerulonephritis; HF ‐ haemofiltration; ICU ‐ intensive care unit; IHD intermittent haemodialysis; M/F ‐ male/female; NGAL ‐ plasma neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin; RCT ‐ randomised controlled trial; RRT ‐ renal replacement therapy; SCr ‐ serum creatinine; SD ‐ standard deviation; UF ‐ ultrafiltration