Appleton 1999.

Methods	Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study (conducted at 54 centres in Europe, South Africa, and the US) Prospective pre‐randomisation baseline period: 6 weeks Treatment period: 12 weeks
Participants	All children Cross‐continent study. Total randomised 247; all with drug‐resistant focal seizures (15% to 16% had generalised seizures also) 128 to placebo; 119 to gabapentin 54% male Age range: 3‐12 years Other AEDs: ≤ 3 Baseline seizure frequency per 28 days: median 26.7 (range 1.3 to 2893)
Interventions	Gabapentin 600‐1800 mg/day (equivalent to 23.2‐35.3 mg/kg/day) Placebo
Outcomes	Proportion with a 50% reduction in seizure frequency Response ratio Adverse effects
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of randomisation not specified
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details provided
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Study mentions double‐blinding; no details
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All evaluated on an ITT basis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Published reports include all prespecified, expected outcomes. The parent/guardian and physician global assessment of participant seizure frequency and well‐being
Other bias	High risk	Trial sponsored by Parke Davis Study appeared free of other sources of bias