Table 5.
Effect of the emergency bed capacity within primary care on ACSC hospital admission: difference-in-differences estimates with alternative combinations of before and after reform years (cluster standard errors in municipalities are in the parentheses)
| Model B1 Reform = 1 (year = 2012 and 2013) Reform = 0 (year = 2010 and 2011) |
Model B2 Reform = 1 (year = 2013) Reform = 0 (year 2010 and 2011) |
Model S1 Reform = 1 (year 2012–2013) Reform = 0 (year = 2010 and 2011) |
Model S2 Reform = 1 (year = 2013) Reform = 0 (year 2010 and 2011) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reform | 0.0024 (0.0044) | − 0.0073 (0.0118) | 0.0016 (0.0104) | − 0.0112 (0.0111) |
| Treata | 0.7419*** (0.0211) | − 0.1363*** (0.0240) | 0.1612*** (0.0203) | 0.1392*** (0.0209) |
| Reform × treat | − 0.0314** (0.0190) | − 0.0281* (0.0199) | − 0.0331 (0.0330) | − 0.0281* (0.0212) |
| Control variables | ||||
| Norw_GP | 0.0402*** (0.0126) | 0.0415*** (0.0153) | 0.0401*** (0.0126) | 0.0415*** (0.0153) |
| Male_GP | 0.1432*** (0.0118) | 0.1557*** (0.0117) | 0.1432*** (0.0118) | 0.1557*** (0.0117) |
| Specialist | − 0.0297** (0.0136) | − 0.0232* (0.0139) | − 0.0296** (0.0136) | − 0.0232* (0.0139) |
| Age_GP | 0.0033*** (0.0006) | 0.0030*** (0.0007) | 0.0033*** (0.0006) | 0.0030*** (0.0007) |
| Consult_GP | − 0.0034 (0.0041) | − 0.0024 (0.0045) | − 0.0034** (0.0041) | − 0.0023 (0.0045) |
| Share_LC_GP | − 0.0090 (0.0306) | 0.0164 (0.0298) | − 0.0090 (0.0306) | 0.0164 (0.0298) |
| Share_Test_GP | 0.1414*** (0.0391) | 0.1285*** (0.0426) | 0.1418*** (0.0390) | 0.1289*** (0.0426) |
| Visist_GP | 0.0084*** (0.0005) | 0.0084*** (0.0005) | 0.0084*** (0.0005) | 0.0084*** (0.0005) |
| Pat_Age | 0.0017*** (0.0002) | 0.0017*** (0.0002) | 0.0017*** (0.0002) | 0.0017*** (0.0002) |
| Pat_Male | 0.0131** (0.0067) | 0.0104 (0.0067) | 0.0130** (0.0066) | 0.0103 (0.0067) |
| Pat_Edu1 | 0.0679 (0.0848) | 0.0701 (0.0836) | 0.0681 (0.0848) | 0.0707 (0.0836) |
| Pat_Alone | 0.0723 (0.0802) | 0.0606 (0.0762) | 0.0729 (0.0802) | 0.0611 (0.0762) |
| Pat_Disable | − 0.0917 (0.0977) | − 0.0710 (0.1010) | − 0.0927*** (0.0299) | − 0.0716 (0.1010) |
| Pat_Wage | − 0.0001*** (0.0000) | − 0.0014*** (0.0001) | − 0.0014*** (0.0001) | − 0.0014*** (0.0001) |
| Number of observation | 98,976 | 74,015 | 98,976 | 74,015 |
| R-squared | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
| Year fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Municipality fixed-effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
In models S1 and S2: Treat = 1 if municipality implemented emergency bed by June 30, 2012. DID coefficients (i.e. Reform × Treat) tested against one-sided alternatives
‘*’, ‘**’ and ‘***’ represents significance level at the 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively
aIn models B1 and B2: Treat = 1 if municipality implemented emergency bed by December 31, 2012