Table 2.
Impact of the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) programme on outpatient utilisation for both contributory and subsidised groups, stratified by asset index quintiles, urban/rural area, and density of healthcare facilities, Indonesia, 2007 and 2014
| Probability of having outpatient visits | Number of outpatient visits (all) | Number of outpatient visits (public) | Number of outpatient visits (private) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: contributory group | ||||
| Overall | 0.079*** | 0.158*** | 0.115*** | 0.043 |
| (0.018) | (0.057) | (0.022) | (0.047) | |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) |
− 0.024 | − 0.018 | 0.052 | − 0.070 |
| (0.063) | (0.112) | (0.056) | (0.091) | |
| Quintile 2 | 0.113** | 0.312 | 0.173* | 0.139 |
| (0.056) | (0.194) | (0.099) | (0.142) | |
| Quintile 3 | 0.106*** | 0.172 | 0.176*** | − 0.005 |
| (0.031) | (0.279) | (0.065) | (0.279) | |
| Quintile 4 | 0.088** | 0.081 | 0.060* | 0.021 |
| (0.039) | (0.073) | (0.033) | (0.066) | |
| Quintile 5 (richest) |
0.083** | 0.207** | 0.126*** | 0.081 |
| (0.038) | (0.081) | (0.037) | (0.066) | |
| Urban | 0.085*** | 0.146** | 0.119*** | 0.026 |
| (0.021) | (0.066) | (0.025) | (0.060) | |
| Rural | 0.068** | 0.199* | 0.109*** | 0.090 |
| (0.032) | (0.111) | (0.031) | (0.093) | |
| Low densitya | 0.016 | 0.097 | 0.046 | 0.051 |
| (0.038) | (0.153) | (0.040) | (0.165) | |
| High densitya | 0.035 | 0.067 | 0.148** | − 0.081) |
| (0.031) | (0.103) | (0.060) | (0.099) | |
| Panel B: subsidised group | ||||
| Overall | 0.019 | 0.063*** | 0.059*** | 0.004 |
| (0.018) | (0.024) | (0.018) | (0.016) | |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) |
− 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| (0.021) | (0.046) | (0.039) | (0.023) | |
| Quintile 2 | 0.069*** | 0.126** | 0.112*** | 0.015 |
| (0.027) | (0.060) | (0.037) | (0.034) | |
| Quintile 3 | 0.006 | 0.056 | 0.087* | − 0.031 |
| (0.020) | (0.047) | (0.045) | (0.033) | |
| Quintile 4 | 0.013 | 0.047 | 0.066* | − 0.020 |
| (0.024) | (0.044) | (0.034) | (0.033) | |
| Quintile 5 (richest) |
0.093* | 0.180* | 0.044 | 0.136* |
| (0.054) | (0.101) | (0.060) | (0.081) | |
| Urban | 0.032 | 0.112*** | 0.114*** | − 0.002 |
| (0.021) | (0.038) | (0.028) | (0.027) | |
| Rural | 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.019 | 0.006 |
| (0.013) | (0.037) | (0.024) | (0.029) | |
| Low densitya | 0.016 | 0.068 | 0.017 | 0.051 |
| (0.020) | (0.037) | (0.031) | (0.028) | |
| High densitya | 0.048 | 0.155** | 0.134*** | 0.021 |
| (0.032) | (0.060) | (0.032) | (0.049) |
aThe samples were first sorted from the lowest to the highest based on the density variables and then divided into four equal group (quartiles). The first and fourth quartiles become the low density and high density, respectively
The reported standard errors in parentheses were calculated by bootstrapping with 200 replications. Quintiles were determined based on assets index in 2007. Significance: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01