. 2019 May 14;9:7397. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43901-4

Table 1.

Effects of surplus S on the growth, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress of Cd in leaf and root of Tartary buckwheat.

Parameters	CK	Cd	Cd + S
Shoot dry weight (g)	2.61 ± 0.13^a	1.56 ± 0.13^c	2.18 ± 0.15^b
Root dry weight (g)	0.58 ± 0.06^a	0.25 ± 0.02^b	0.52 ± 0.03^a
Shoot length (cm)	34.31 ± 1.64^a	26.80 ± 1.22^b	31.27 ± 1.38^a
Root length (cm)	12.65 ± 0.27^a	7.70 ± 0.16^b	12.54 ± 0.35^c
Net photosynthesis (µmol CO₂⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹)	18.75 ± 0.57^a	6.63 ± 0.46^c	12.04 ± 0.73^b
Leaf O₂^·− content (nmol⋅g⁻¹ FW)	15.64 ± 0.73^c	52.48 ± 0.85^a	28.39 ± 0.94^b
Root O₂^·− content (nmol⋅g⁻¹ FW)	31.08 ± 1.15^c	86.29 ± 1.37^a	41.52 ± 0.99^b
Leaf H₂O₂ content (nmol⋅g⁻¹ FW)	65.37 ± 2.25^c	146.21 ± 2.48^a	82.76 ± 5.74^b
Root H₂O₂ content (nmol⋅g⁻¹ FW)	105.63 ± 3.48^c	254.77 ± 4.86^a	118.51 ± 4.69^b

The top right corner with different letters are significantly different within each group at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 3) according to Duncan’s multiple test. CK: control plants without Cd or surplus S treatment; Cd: plants treated with cadmium; Cd + S: plants treated with cadmium and surplus sulfur.