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. 2019 May 8;13:418. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00418

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Copyright © 2019 Payne, Furness, Burns, Sedo, Hyakumura, Shepherd and Fallon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Abdominal vagus nerve anatomy, electrode design and experimental schedule. (A) Schematic anatomical diagram shows the cervical and abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. Off-target effects in response to cervical stimulation (Cervical Stim indicated by arrow) and abdominal stimulation (Abdom Stim indicated by arrrow) were evaluated. For the VNS efficacy experiment, the electrode array was implanted onto the anterior abdominal vagus nerve, below the diaphragm and above the hepatic and celiac vagal branches. (B) The cuff electrode array had two platinum electrode pairs (E1–E2; E3–E4) that stimulated and recorded evoked neural responses. The array was anchored by suturing the Dacron tab to the esophagus. (C) Image of the abdominal vagus nerve electrode array in vivo. (D) Experimental schedule for the VNS efficacy experiment. Scale bar in (C) 1 mm.