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. 2019 May 8;13:418. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00418

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Copyright © 2019 Payne, Furness, Burns, Sedo, Hyakumura, Shepherd and Fallon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Off-target effects during cervical and abdominal VNS. Representative recordings from from one animal show a decrease in heart rate (baseline heart rate indicated by red dotted line) (A), respiratory rate (Ai) and blood pressure (Aii) during cervical VNS (1.6 mA, 200 μs/phase). (B–Bii) No changes in heart rate (baseline heart rate indicated by red dotted line) (B), respiratory rate (Bi) and blood pressure (Bii) were seen during abdominal VNS (1.6 mA, 200 μs/phase). Scale bar in (A,B) represents 5 s.