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. 2019 May 8;13:418. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00418

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Copyright © 2019 Payne, Furness, Burns, Sedo, Hyakumura, Shepherd and Fallon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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VNS reduces resident leukocyte populations in muscle layers following TNBS injection. (A–C) Images show myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive cells (neutrophils) within circular and longitudinal muscle layers of tissue taken from control (A), TNBS rats (B) and TNBS+VNS rats (C). (D–F) Quantification of eosinophils (D), MPO+ cells (E), and CD3+ cells (F) within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Data show mean count/animal, median and interquartile range. Significant differences of P < 0.05 are indicated by “^∗.”