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(A) Frontispiece of De Fractura Calvae sive Cranei, original Italian translated copy (from Vittorio Putti, Berengario Da Carpi “De Fractura Calvae sive Cranei”, Bologna—L. Cappelli Editore, 1937, private collection. Figure is in public domain and no permission is required for reuse). (B–D) These pictures show some of the surgical instruments in use at that time to perform a trephination.
