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. 2019 May 14;9:7383. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43717-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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VPAC₁ and VPAC₂ receptors are involved in the immunomodulatory role of VIP during the activation of human memory Th cells from healthy donors. (A) mRNA expression of the transcription factors (STAT3 and Tbx21), cytokines (IL-2 and IL-22) and receptor cytokines (IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R) was determined by real-time PCR analysis in resting- and one day activated- Th cells. Data were normalized with ACTB mRNA expression and are shown as the percentage of activated Th cells values. The mean ± SEM of triplicate determination of five different HD samples are shown (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). (B) Protein expression of GM-CSF was analysed in culture supernatants by ELISA. Data are the mean ± SEM of duplicate determination of five different HD samples (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).