Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Location | Population | Enrolled patients | Age (years) | Drug tested | Duration (d) | Funding source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FQ/β±M | FQ/β±M | FQ | β±M | |||||
| Chang et al., 2006 | China | Asian | 41/41 | 47 (18–70) | Sequential i.v. levofloxacin 400 mg OD followed by p.o. levofloxacin 100 mg t.i.d. | Sequential i.v. cefuroxime 1,500 mg b.i.d. followed by p.o. cefuroxime axetil 500 mg b.i.d. ± p.o. roxithromycin 150 mg b.i.d. | 7–10 | NS |
| Erard et al., 2004 | Switzerland | Caucasian | 79/37 | 77 (24–92)/77 (26–95) | p.o. levofloxacin 500 mg q12h | Sequential i.v. and p.o. ceftriaxone 2 g OD ± i.v./p.o. clarithromycin 500 mg q12h | 7–10 | Aventis |
| Finch et al., 2002 | Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Russia, UK | Mixed | 301/321 | 55.2 ± 20.6/55.9 ± 19.6 | Sequential i.v. and p.o. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | Sequential i.v. 1.2 g and p.o. 625 mg co-amoxiclav t.i.d. ± i.v./p.o. clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. | 7–14 | NS |
| Frank et al., 2002 | USA | Mixed | 115/121 | 67.8 ± 13.11/67.3 ± 13.17 | i.v./p.o. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 1 g OD + i.v. azithromycin 500 mg OD | ≥10 | NS |
| Gao et al., 2009 | China | Asian | 40/38 | 55.2 ± 12.3/54.3 ± 13.6 | Sequential i.v. and p.o. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. cefuroxime 2g b.i.d. + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–14 | NS |
| Han et al., 2010 | China | Asian | 40/40 | 47.95 ± 15.13/47.85 ± 15.85 | i.v. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 3 g OD + i.v. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–10 | NS |
| Huang et al., 2008 | China | Asian | 119/65 | 71.4 ± 5.0/72.7 ± 5.4 | i.v. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD or Sequential i.v. and p.o. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. cefuroxime 3 g b.i.d. + i.v. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–10 | NS |
| Lee et al., 2012 | Korea | Asian | 20/20 | 54 ± 20/53 ± 16 | Sequential i.v. and p.o. levofloxacin 750 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 2 g OD + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg OD, followed by p.o. cefpodoxime 200 mg/D | NS | Daiichi-Sankyo Korea |
| Leophonte et al., 2004 | France, Poland, South Africa | Mixed | 167/153 | 53.3 ± 20.4/55.3 ± 19.8 | p.o. gemifloxacin 320 mg OD | p.o. amoxicillin/clavulanate 1 g/125 mg t.i.d. | 7–10 | NS |
| Li et al., 2009 | China | Asian | 40/35 | 55.1 ± 12.5/54.2 ± 13.1 | i.v. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | i.v. cefuroxime 2g b.i.d. + azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–14 | NS |
| Lin et al., 2007 | Taiwan | Asian | 26/24 | 65.3 ± 13.2/71.0 ± 11.4 | Sequential i.v. and p.o. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | Sequential i.v. 500 mg/100 mg and p.o. 250 mg/125 mg amoxicillin/clavulanate q8h + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg q12h | 7–14 | Daiichi |
| Liu et al., 2012 | China | Asian | 33/33 | 73 ± 11.48/72 ± 8.78 | i.v. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. cefoperazone/sulbactam 2.5 g b.i.d. + i.v. azithromycin 0.5 g OD | 7–14 | NS |
| Lode et al., 2002 | US, Poland, Canada, Germany, Italy, UK, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Guatemala, Hungary, Lebanon, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland | Mixed | 172/173 | 59.5 ± 17.7/58.2 ± 18.7 | p.o. gemifloxacin 320 mg OD | Sequential i.v. ceftriaxone 2 g OD followed by p.o. cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. ± macrolide | 7–14 | GSK |
| Portier et al., 2005 | France | Caucasian | 174/175 | 59.3 ± 17.9/62.4 ± 18.0 | p.o. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | p.o. amoxicillin-clavulanate 1,000/125 mg t.i.d. + p.o. roxithromycin 150 mg b.i.d. | 10 | Bayer |
| Postma et al., 2015 | the Netherlands | Caucasian | 888/1395 | 71 ± 14.81/70 ± 14.87 | moxifloxacin or levofloxacin | Beta-lactam (amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, or a third-generation cephalosporin) monotherapy and combined with macrolide (azithromycin, erythromycin, or clarithromycin) | NS | NS |
| Shao et al., 2008 | China | Asian | 199/199 | 47.43 ± 18.94/51.50 ± 19.95 | Sequential i.v. and p.o. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | Sequential i.v. cefuroxime 1500 mg b.i.d. followed by p.o. cefuroxime axetil 500 mg b.i.d. + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg t.i.d. | 10–14 | NS |
| Welte et al., 2005 | Germany, France, Greece, Lithuania, and Poland | Caucasian | 200/197 | NS | Sequential i.v. and p.o. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 2 g OD ± i.v. erythromycin 1 g q6-8h | 7–14 | Bayer Vital GmbH |
| Xu et al., 2006 | China | Asian | 20/20 | NS | i.v. moxifloxacin 400mg OD | i.v. cefoperazone 2 g b.i.d. + i.v. azithromycin 0.5 g OD | 7–14 | NS |
| Yang and Zhang, 2009 | China | Asian | 50/50 | 72.9/73.3 | i.v. moxifloxacin 400 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 2 g OD + i.v. azithromycin 0.5 g OD | 7 | NS |
| Zervos et al., 2004 | US, Canada, and Europe | Mixed | 112/107 | 72.8 ± 13.6/70.7 ± 13.5 | i.v. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | i.v. ceftriaxone 1 g OD + i.v. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–14 | Pfizer and Pliva |
| Zhang et al., 2006 | China | Asian | 50/50 | 58.1 ± 11.7/56.8 ± 12.4 | i.v. levofloxacin 300 mg b.i.d. | i.v. ceftriaxone 1 g b.i.d. + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–14 | NS |
| Zhao and Chen, 2007 | China | Asian | 30/25 | 55.2 ± 12.3/54.3 ± 13.6 | i.v. levofloxacin 500 mg OD | i.v. cefuroxime 2.25 g b.i.d. + p.o. azithromycin 500 mg OD | 7–14 | NS |
FQ, fluoroquinolone; β±M, β-lactam with or without macrolide; NS, not specified; i.v., intravenous; p.o., oral; OD, once daily; b.i.d., twice daily; t.i.d., three times daily.