Table 1.
Main anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory studies carried out in vitro and in vivo with MC components.
| Pathological process | Compound(s) | In vitro | Animals | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | MC extract | Mice | Deng et al., 2019 | |
| Oxidative stress | MC ethanol extract | SK-N-MC cells | Kim et al., 2018 | |
| Oxidative stress | MC leaf ethanol extract | Obese mice | He et al., 2018 | |
| Inflammation | MC extracts | ApoE KO C57BL/6 mice | Zeng et al., 2018 | |
| Inflammation | MC powder | Obese Sprague-Dawley rats | Bai et al., 2016, 2018 | |
| Inflammation | MC fruit extracts | A549 cells | C57BL/6 mice | Sung et al., 2018 |
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | Bioactive peptide BG-4 | THP-1 cells | Jones et al., 2018 | |
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | MC methanol extract | RAW264.7 cells | Lii et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2018 | |
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | MC polysaccharides | Oxidative stress cell free assays Primary neuronal cells | Gastritis/myocardial infarction/ischemia-reperfusion/rat models | Gong et al., 2015; Tan and Gan, 2016; Raish, 2017; Raish et al., 2018 |
| Inflammation | MC fruit juice | T-cells | Diabetic Wistar rats | Fachinan et al., 2017a,b |
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | MC extract | Holstein-Friesian cows | Emre et al., 2017 | |
| Oxidative stress | MC anthocyanins | Oxidative stress cell free assays | Güdr, 2016 | |
| Oxidative stress | MC extract | Oxidative stress cell free assays | Padmashree et al., 2010; Ghous et al., 2015; Aljohi et al., 2016 | |
| Oxidative stress | MC metanolic, ethanolic and butanolic extracts | Oxidative stress cell free assays | Yadav et al., 2016 | |
| Inflammation | MC leaf extract | Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced THP-1 stimulation | Mice skin inflammation model | Huang et al., 2015; Tsai et al., 2016 |
| Inflammation | MC fruit and seeds extract | BALB/c mice with sepsis | Chao et al., 2014; Ciou et al., 2014 | |
| Inflammation | MC fruit ethyl acetate extract | RAW 264.7 cells | Hsu et al., 2013 | |
| Inflammation | MC fruits | Obese C57BL/6 mice | Bao et al., 2013 | |
| Inflammation | Cucurbitane-type triterpene | RAW 264.7 cells; FL83B cells | Cheng et al., 2012; Liaw et al., 2015 | |
| Oxidative stress/inflammation | MC aqueous extracts | Obese mice; Diabetic rats | Tripathi and Chandra, 2010; Xu et al., 2014 | |
| Inflammation | Butanol extract | RAW 264.7 cells | Kobori et al., 2008a | |