Table 1.
Demographics for 2016 to 2018 by mother’s nativity and tenure in the U.S.
| Question | Response | Overall | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S.-Born Mothers | ||||||
| Mother Age | N | 5132 | 2266 | 1538 | 1328 | 0.0004 |
| Mean (Std Dev) | 26.8 (5.5) | 26.6 (5.3) | 26.8 (5.6) | 27.3 (5.5) | ||
| N | 5189 | 2287 | 1555 | 1347 | ||
| Child Age (Months) | Mean (Std Dev) | 19.2 (13.5) | 19.4 (13.7) | 18.6 (13.3) | 19.6 (13.4) | 0.1207 |
| Mother’s Race/Ethnicity | Hispanic | 1208 (23.6%) | 492 (21.8%) | 446 (29.2%) | 270 (20.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Black|Non-Hispanic | 2770 (54.1%) | 1314 (58.3%) | 837 (54.8%) | 619 (46.4%) | ||
| White|Non-Hispanic | 981 (19.2%) | 386 (17.1%) | 200 (13.1%) | 395 (29.6%) | ||
| Other | 158 (3.1%) | 63 (2.8%) | 45 (2.9%) | 50 (3.7%) | ||
| Caregiver Married/Partnered | Yes | 1036 (20.0%) | 434 (19.0%) | 251 (16.2%) | 351 (26.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Caregiver Education | Less than high school | 853 (16.5%) | 382 (16.7%) | 275 (17.7%) | 196 (14.6%) | <0.0001 |
| High school | 2231 (43.0%) | 1009 (44.1%) | 694 (44.7%) | 528 (39.2%) | ||
| More than high school | 2101 (40.5%) | 895 (39.2%) | 583 (37.6%) | 623 (46.3%) | ||
| Any Employment in household | Yes | 4019 (78.4%) | 1773 (78.3%) | 1160 (75.8%) | 1086 (81.4%) | 0.0014 |
| Immigrant Mothers ≥5 Years a | ||||||
| Mother Age | N | 1297 | 530 | 481 | 286 | |
| Mean (Std Dev) | 31.8 (6.5) | 31.6 (6.4) | 31.7 (6.4) | 32.1 (6.7) | 0.5691 | |
| Child Age (Months) | N | 1297 | 530 | 481 | 286 | |
| Mean (Std Dev) | 20.1 (14.3) | 20.7 (14.6) | 19.6 (14.0) | 19.8 (14.4) | 0.3960 | |
| Mother Ethnicity | Hispanic | 950 (73.5%) | 398 (75.2%) | 352 (73.8%) | 200 (69.9%) | 0.7082 |
| Black|Non-Hispanic | 287 (22.2%) | 112 (21.2%) | 104 (21.8%) | 71 (24.8%) | ||
| White|Non-Hispanic | 12 (0.9%) | 3 (0.6%) | 5 (1.0%) | 4 (1.4%) | ||
| Other | 43 (3.3%) | 16 (3.0%) | 16 (3.4%) | 11 (3.8%) | ||
| Caregiver Married/Partnered | Yes | 563 (43.5%) | 230 (43.6%) | 208 (43.2%) | 125 (43.9%) | 0.9858 |
| Caregiver Education | Less than high school | 485 (37.4%) | 202 (38.1%) | 191 (39.7%) | 92 (32.2%) | 0.1215 |
| High school | 489 (37.7%) | 207 (39.1%) | 164 (34.1%) | 118 (41.3%) | ||
| More than high school | 91 (34.6%) | 29 (31.9%) | 40 (37.7%) | 22 (33.3%) | ||
| Any Employment in Household | Yes | 1175 (91.0%) | 474 (89.8%) | 439 (92.0%) | 262 (91.6%) | 0.4222 |
| Immigrant Mothers <5 Years b | ||||||
| Mother Age | N | 264 | 91 | 107 | 66 | |
| Mean (Std Dev) | 28.7 (6.5) | 27.9 (6.3) | 30.0 (6.6) | 27.8 (6.3) | 0.0293 | |
| Child Age (Months) | N | 264 | 91 | 107 | 66 | |
| Mean (Std Dev) | 14.4 (12.1) | 12.9 (11.9) | 13.2 (11.3) | 18.3 (12.9) | 0.0095 | |
| Mother Ethnicity | Hispanic | 204 (77.9%) | 72 (80.0%) | 85 (79.4%) | 47 (72.3%) | 0.4806 |
| Black|Non-Hispanic | 49 (18.7%) | 13 (14.4%) | 19 (17.8%) | 17 (26.2%) | ||
| White|Non-Hispanic | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Other | 7 (2.7%) | 4 (4.4%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (1.5%) | ||
| Caregiver Married/Partnered | Yes | 106 (40.2%) | 39 (42.9%) | 44 (41.1%) | 23 (34.8%) | 0.5794 |
| Caregiver Education | Less than high school | 91 (34.6%) | 32 (35.2%) | 36 (34.0%) | 23 (34.8%) | 0.9208 |
| High school | 81 (30.8%) | 30 (33.0%) | 30 (28.3%) | 21 (31.8%) | ||
| More than high school | 91 (34.6%) | 29 (31.9%) | 40 (37.7%) | 22 (33.3%) | ||
| Any Employment in Household | Yes | 225 (85.9%) | 79 (86.8%) | 89 (84.8%) | 57 (86.4%) | 0.9111 |
a Immigrant Mothers ≥5 years: Families with mothers who immigrated to the U.S. more than or equal to five years ago. b Immigrant Mothers <5 years: Families with mothers who immigrated to the U.S. less than five years ago.