Table 1.
Distribution of responses.
| Outcomes | Total | Community Gardener (C) | Home Gardener (H) | Nongardener (N) |
p-Value * (Post Hoc Test) ** |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (Mean) | % (SD) | n (Mean) | % (SD) | n (Mean) | % (SD) | n (Mean) | % (SD) | ||
| Basic characteristics | |||||||||
| sex | |||||||||
| men | 694 | 69.4 | 87 | 67.4 | 280 | 75.5 | 327 | 65.4 | 0.005 |
| women | 306 | 30.6 | 42 | 32.6 | 91 | 24.5 | 173 | 34.6 | (women: N > H) |
| age | (63.6) | (2.6) | (64.1) | (2.6) | (63.9) | (2.7) | (63.3) | (2.5) | 0.001 (CH > N) |
| family structure | |||||||||
| living with two or more members | 901 | 90.1 | 119 | 92.2 | 351 | 94.6 | 431 | 86.2 | <0.001 |
| living alone | 99 | 9.9 | 10 | 7.8 | 20 | 5.4 | 69 | 13.8 | (living alone: N > H) |
| employment status | |||||||||
| unemployed or retired | 527 | 52.7 | 57 | 44.2 | 212 | 57.1 | 258 | 51.6 | 0.031 |
| working at least a day/week | 473 | 47.3 | 72 | 55.8 | 159 | 42.9 | 242 | 48.4 | (working: C > N) |
| Gardening status | |||||||||
| frequency (days/week) | (2.3) | (1.5) | (2.3) | (1.4) | (2.3) | (1.5) | ― | ― | 0.933 |
| duration (hour/week) | (4.2) | (4.2) | (3.9) | (3.5) | (4.2) | (4.4) | ― | ― | 0.449 |
| gardening with others | |||||||||
| almost alone | 324 | 32.4 | 76 | 58.9 | 248 | 66.8 | ― | ― | 0.104 |
| often with friends or family | 176 | 17.6 | 53 | 41.1 | 123 | 33.2 | ― | ― | |
| Health status | |||||||||
| subjective symptoms | |||||||||
| present | 292 | 29.2 | 29 | 22.5 | 115 | 31.0 | 148 | 29.6 | 0.179 |
| none | 708 | 70.8 | 100 | 77.5 | 256 | 69.0 | 352 | 70.4 | |
| periodic visit with illness or injury to clinic | |||||||||
| yes | 485 | 48.5 | 54 | 41.9 | 193 | 52.0 | 238 | 47.6 | 0.118 |
| none | 515 | 51.5 | 75 | 58.1 | 178 | 48.0 | 262 | 52.4 | |
| health problems affecting everyday life | |||||||||
| present | 121 | 12.1 | 11 | 8.5 | 49 | 13.2 | 61 | 12.2 | 0.371 |
| none | 879 | 87.9 | 118 | 91.5 | 322 | 86.8 | 439 | 87.8 | |
| subjective happiness (on a scale from 0 to 10) | |||||||||
| less than 6 | 322 | 32.2 | 48 | 37.2 | 93 | 25.1 | 181 | 36.2 | 0.001 |
| 7 or more | 678 | 67.8 | 81 | 62.8 | 278 | 74.9 | 319 | 63.8 | (7 or more: H > CN) |
| reasons for living | |||||||||
| little or none | 182 | 18.2 | 17 | 13.2 | 56 | 15.1 | 109 | 21.8 | 0.011 |
| moderate or a lot | 818 | 81.8 | 112 | 86.8 | 315 | 84.9 | 391 | 78.2 | (moderate or a lot: H > N) |
| psychological distress | |||||||||
| low (less than 9) | 866 | 86.6 | 116 | 89.9 | 325 | 87.6 | 425 | 85.0 | 0.266 |
| high (9 or more) | 134 | 13.4 | 13 | 10.1 | 46 | 12.4 | 75 | 15.0 | |
| body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| underweight (<20) | 148 | 14.8 | 18 | 14.0 | 50 | 13.5 | 80 | 16.0 | 0.246 |
| normal weight (20–24.9) | 646 | 64.6 | 92 | 71.3 | 235 | 63.3 | 319 | 63.8 | |
| overweight or obese (≥25) | 206 | 20.6 | 19 | 14.7 | 86 | 23.2 | 101 | 20.2 | |
| Healthy lifestyles | |||||||||
| exercise habit (continuously for more than 30 minutes, for more than 2 days a week, for more than 1 year) | |||||||||
| no | 531 | 53.1 | 57 | 44.2 | 175 | 47.2 | 299 | 59.8 | <0.001 |
| yes | 469 | 46.9 | 72 | 55.8 | 196 | 52.8 | 201 | 40.2 | (yes: CH > N) |
| physical activity (more than 1 hour/day) | |||||||||
| no | 380 | 38.0 | 34 | 26.4 | 114 | 30.7 | 232 | 46.4 | <0.001 |
| yes | 620 | 62.0 | 95 | 73.6 | 257 | 69.3 | 268 | 53.6 | (yes: CH > N) |
| sitting time | |||||||||
| ≥6 hours/day | 272 | 27.2 | 29 | 22.5 | 81 | 21.8 | 162 | 32.4 | 0.005 (<3 hours/day: H > N) |
| 3–6 hours/day | 506 | 50.6 | 66 | 51.2 | 200 | 53.9 | 240 | 48.0 | |
| <3 hours/day | 222 | 22.2 | 34 | 26.4 | 90 | 24.3 | 98 | 19.6 | |
| walking speed (If the speed of walking was faster than that of the same generation of the same gender?) | |||||||||
| no | 351 | 35.1 | 37 | 28.7 | 123 | 33.2 | 191 | 38.2 | 0.080 |
| yes | 649 | 64.9 | 92 | 71.3 | 248 | 66.8 | 309 | 61.8 | |
| eating breakfast | |||||||||
| not every day | 77 | 7.7 | 10 | 7.8 | 18 | 4.9 | 49 | 9.8 | 0.026 |
| eat every day | 923 | 92.3 | 119 | 92.2 | 353 | 95.1 | 451 | 90.2 | (eat every day: H > N) |
| eating vegetables | |||||||||
| not enough or shortage | 727 | 72.7 | 88 | 68.2 | 236 | 63.6 | 403 | 80.6 | <0.001 |
| enough or moderate | 273 | 27.3 | 41 | 31.8 | 135 | 36.4 | 97 | 19.4 | (enough or moderate: CH > N) |
| eating balanced meals (2 or more times/day) | |||||||||
| not every day | 336 | 33.6 | 38 | 29.5 | 95 | 25.6 | 203 | 40.6 | <0.001 |
| eat every day | 664 | 66.4 | 91 | 70.5 | 276 | 74.4 | 297 | 59.4 | (eat every day: H > N) |
| rest due to sleep | |||||||||
| not enough or shortage | 150 | 15.0 | 18 | 14.0 | 53 | 14.3 | 79 | 15.8 | 0.775 |
| enough or moderate | 850 | 85.0 | 111 | 86.0 | 318 | 85.7 | 421 | 84.2 | |
| connection with neighbors | |||||||||
| weak or unknown | 700 | 70.0 | 80 | 62.0 | 229 | 61.7 | 391 | 78.2 | <0.001 |
| strong | 300 | 30.0 | 49 | 38.0 | 142 | 38.3 | 109 | 21.8 | (strong: CH > N) |
| having friends | |||||||||
| little or none | 467 | 46.7 | 50 | 38.8 | 161 | 43.4 | 256 | 51.2 | 0.011 |
| moderate or a lot | 533 | 53.3 | 79 | 61.2 | 210 | 56.6 | 244 | 48.8 | (moderate or a lot: C > N) |
| N | 1000 | 100 | 129 | 100 | 371 | 100 | 500 | 100 | |
SD: Standard deviation. * Age: One-way ANOVA, frequency and duration: t-test, other items: χ2 test. ** Bonferroni correction, > means significant difference of <0.05 level.