Table 3.
Relationship between gardening status and health status or healthy lifestyle.
| Outcomes | Gardening Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Duration | Gardening with Others | |
| (Day/Week) | (Hour/Week) | (Ref. Almost Alone) | |
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Health status | |||
| subjective symptoms (Ref. present) | |||
| none | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.53 (0.99–2.37) |
| periodic visit with illness or injury to clinic (Ref. yes) | |||
| none | 0.97 (0.81–1.14) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
| health problems affecting everyday life (Ref. present) | |||
| none | 0.87 (0.68–1.13) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 1.25 (0.69–2.26) |
| subjective happiness (on a scale from 0 to 10; Ref. less than 6) | |||
| 7 or more | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 2.14 (1.34–3.41) |
| reasons for living (Ref. little or none) | |||
| moderate or a lot | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 2.02 (1.10–3.74) |
| psychological distress (Ref. low (less than 9)) | |||
| high (9 or more) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 0.72 (0.38–1.35) |
| body mass index (kg/m2; Ref. normal weight (20–24.9)) | |||
| underweight (<20) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.63 (0.35–1.15) |
| overweight or obese (≥25) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 1.01 (0.93–1.08) | 0.98 (0.61–1.60) |
| Healthy lifestyles | |||
| exercise habit (continuously for more than 30 minutes, for more than 2 days a week, for more than 1 year; Ref. no) | |||
| yes | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 1.20 (0.81–1.78) |
| physical activity (more than 1 hour/day; Ref. no) | |||
| yes | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) |
| sitting time (ref. ≥6 hours/day) | |||
| 3~6 hours/day | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.52 (0.32–0.84) |
| <3 hours/day | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 1.02 (0.93–1.10) | 0.55 (0.31–0.96) |
| walking speed (If the speed of walking was faster than that of the same generation of the same gender; Ref. no) | |||
| yes | 0.93 (0.78–2.44) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.25 (0.82–1.88) |
| eating breakfast (Ref. not every day) | |||
| eat every day | 1.48 (0.90–2.39) | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 1.47 (0.60–3.59) |
| eating vegetables (Ref. not enough or shortage) | |||
| enough or moderate | 1.11 (0.92–1.32) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.08 (0.72–1.62) |
| eating balanced meals (2 or more times/day; Ref. not every day) | |||
| eat every day | 1.20 (0.98–1.48) | 0.97 (0.91–1.05) | 1.16 (0.74–1.81) |
| rest due to sleep (Ref. not enough or shortage) | |||
| enough or moderate | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.38 (0.78–2.45) |
| connection with neighbors (Ref. weak or unknown) | |||
| strong | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.19 (0.81–1.77) |
| having friends (Ref. little or none) | |||
| moderate or a lot | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.35 (0.91–2.01) |
N = 500 (community gardener: n = 129 and home gardener: n = 371). Adjusted for sex, age, family structure, employment status, and gardening style. OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, Bold means statistically significant (p < 0.05).