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A, B
Time lapse of maximum projections of tile‐scan XYZT images monitoring ethylene‐response PR4::NLS‐3xVenus prior to cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) infection in 5‐day‐old roots. (A) Absence of PR4::NLS‐3xVenus response in a non‐invaded root section over a 14‐h nematode infection (n = 10). (B) PR4::NLS‐3xVenus response to nematode intrusion into the root (n = 7). Time points at the top right corners. White arrows indicate nematode position inside the root (B), and the black arrow indicates the time frame when nematode invasion into the root was first observed.
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C
PR4::NLS‐3xVenus ethylene‐response marker line quantification 3 h after nematode intrusion into root tissues (**P < 0.003, the significance was determined by t‐test; error bars indicate standard error, data pooled from three independent experiments).
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D
Analysis of success of root infection by nematodes, measuring the time of entering the root until establishment of initial syncytial cell (ISC). Nematodes invading ethylene signaling mutants ein3‐1 or ein2‐1 are significantly faster in establishing ISC than upon invasion of wt (Col) roots (***P < 0.0005, n ≥ 15 nematodes, repeated three times; error bars indicate standard error).
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E
Analysis of success of root infection by nematodes, measuring the time of entering the root until establishment of initial syncytial cell (ISC). Nematodes invading and establishing ISC upon invasion in wt (col) and the mutants aos, coi1‐34, and pepr1‐1 pepr2‐1 at the same timescale (n ≥ 20 nematodes, pooled from three times repeated independent experiments; error bars indicate standard error; the significance was determined by t‐test).
Data information: Scale bar: (A, B) 200 μm.
