Table 3.
Sleep characteristics of the study groups (mean ± SD).
| Total Population (n = 110) |
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 66) | Bipolar Disorder (BD) (n = 34) |
Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorder (n = 10) |
P Value | η2 (Effect Size) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRT (min) | 348.2 ± 99.6 | 352.3 ± 99.3 | 355.7 ± 88.0 | 291.5 ± 132.3 | 0.202 | 0.030 |
| TST (min) | 273.5 ± 98.3 | 275.9 ± 103.4 | 280.9 ± 89.6 | 228.8 ± 87.5 | 0.355 | 0.020 |
| SE (%) | 79.0 ± 17.0 | 77.7 ± 19.1 | 80.8 ± 13.0 | 81.2 ± 12.7 | 0.641 | 0.008 |
| Sleep onset (min) | 32.3 ± 37.5 | 30.8 ± 30.5 | 34.4 ± 36.7 | 34.6 ± 75.6 | 0.888 | 0.002 |
| WASO (min) | 50.0 ± 65.5 | 48.6 ± 70.5 | 58.6 ± 63.2 | 19.8 ± 27.4 | 0.751 | 0.020 |
| N1 (min) | 23.8 ± 33.1 | 24.2 ± 34.5 | 19.9 ± 27.5 | 34.7 ± 42.4 | 0.487 | 0.014 |
| N1 (%) | 10.5 ± 15.6 | 10.0 ± 13.1 | 7.9 ± 10.7 | 22.8 ± 34.8 | 0.037 | 0.061 |
| N2 (min) | 183.7 ± 90.5 | 180.7 ± 93.3 | 195.4 ± 77.6 | 161.8 ± 116.3 | 0.567 | 0.011 |
| N2 (%) | 67.0 ± 22.9 | 66.0 ± 22.8 | 69.8 ± 19.1 | 64.2 ± 35.8 | 0.688 | 0.007 |
| N3 (min) | 39.5 ± 43.7 | 38.9 ± 43.3 | 44.0 ± 44.1 | 27.2 ± 48.2 | 0.587 | 0.010 |
| N3 (%) | 14.0 ± 15.4 | 13.9 ± 15.6 | 14.9 ± 14.1 | 11.0 ± 19.1 | 0.795 | 0.004 |
| REM (min) | 24.1 ± 31.6 | 28.4 ± 36.4 | 20.7 ± 21.1 | 5.1 ± 13.2 | 0.087 | 0.046 |
| REM (%) | 8.9 ± 12.3 | 10.5 ± 14.3 | 7.4 ± 7.9 | 2.1 ± 5.4 | 0.112 | 0.041 |
| Apneas (n) | 151.7 ± 134.1 | 142.3 ± 122.6 | 147.0 ± 143.4 | 237.9 ± 164.1 | 0.130 | 0.038 |
| Obstructive (n) | 49.6 ± 85.3 | 41.9 ± 63.2 | 44.9 ± 82.3 | 118.6 ± 172.4 | 0.038 | 0.064 |
| Central (n) | 19.4 ± 44.8 | 21.4 ± 49.0 | 14.2 ± 32.4 | 24.4 ± 55.9 | 0.721 | 0.007 |
| Mixed (n) | 6.9 ± 17.3 | 8.5 ± 20.8 | 3.4 ± 8.0 | 9.0 ± 15.9 | 0.390 | 0.019 |
| Hypopneas (n) | 83.1 ± 77.7 | 79.2 ± 73.6 | 89.9 ± 90.7 | 85.9 ± 58.5 | 0.815 | 0.004 |
| Mean Duration (s) | 19.6 ± 4.8 | 19.8 ± 4.5 | 18.7 ± 4.3 | 22.2 ± 7.8 | 0.161 | 0.035 |
| Max Duration (s) | 49.8 ± 26.0 | 48.8 ± 22.9 | 46.8 ± 23.0 | 67.9 ± 47.1 | 0.085 | 0.047 |
| AHI | 35.3 ± 27.3 | 33.3 ± 24.8 | 30.9 ± 25.9 | 66.1 ± 33.6 * | 0.001 | 0.119 |
| AHI (nREM) | 34.0 ± 28.4 | 31.9 ± 26. 1 | 28.9 ± 26.0 | 66.5 ± 33.4 * | 0.001 | 0.131 |
| AHI (REM) | 18.3 ± 25.7 | 19.2 ± 27.1 | 20.0 ± 25.3 | 6.7 ± 13.2 | 0.364 | 0.021 |
| minSaO2 (%) | 82.9 ± 7.7 | 84.2 ± 6.1 | 82.2 ± 8.2 | 75.3 ± 12.4 | 0.006 | 0.096 |
| meanSaO2 (%) | 92.1 ± 2.8 | 92.5 ± 2.6 | 92.2 ± 2.3 | 88.4 ± 4.2 * | <0.001 | 0.142 |
| SaO2 < 90% (min) | 23.8 ± 44.5 | 20.9 ± 41.5 | 20.5 ± 33.2 | 61.2 ± 85.0 | 0.046 | 0.058 |
| SaO2 < 90% (%) | 16.7 ± 26.3 | 13.8 ± 23.9 | 15.4 ± 25.8 | 45.2 ± 33.1 | 0.005 | 0.098 |
TRT: Total Recording Time, TST: Total Sleep Time, SE: Sleep Efficiency, WASO: Wake after Sleep Onset, N1: Stage 1, N2: Stage 2, N3: Stage 3–4, REM: Rapid Eye Movement, AHI: Apnea-Hypopnea Index, SaO2: Oxyhemoglobin Saturation. Considering the existence of multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction (i.e., alpha level/number of comparisons, i.e., 0.05/27) was applied setting the significance level, respectively, to p = 0.002. * different from MDD and BD.