Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (mean ± SD or %).
| Variable | Total | Non-Frailty | Pre-Frailty | Frailty | p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 323) | (n = 152) | (n = 152) | (n = 19) | ||
| Chronic pain, n (%) | 138 (42.7) | 52 (34.2) | 76 (50.0) | 10 (52.6) | 0.014 |
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 75.2 ± 6.5 | 74.1 ± 5.8 | 75.4 ± 6.7 | 81.9 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 241 (74.6) | 115 (75.7) | 109 (71.7) | 17 (89.5) | 0.226 |
| BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 4.2 | 0.924 |
| GDS-15 score mean ± SD (points) | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 5.2 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Medications mean ± SD (number) | 3.7 ± 3.9 | 3.0 ± 3.4 | 4.1 ± 4.0 | 6.0 ± 5.3 | 0.001 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; GDS-15, 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. * Mantel-Haenszel test for proportion trends and one-way analysis of variance for continuous measures.