Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Study Period | Study Design | SHS Assessment |
Mean Age (Year) | Sample Size | Variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merianos et al. (2018) [19] | 1999–2012 | CS | Non-smoker, serum cotinine (0.05–2.99 ng/mL) | 12–19 | 11,550 | WC |
| Kim et al. (2017) [20] | 2008–2011 | CS | Self-report passive smoking | 45 | 7376 | TC, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Robinson et al. (2016) [21] | 2003–2008 | C | Questionnaire: non-smoker, passive exposure at home/work | 1/4/14 | 3174 | BMI |
| Kelishadi et al. (2016) [22] | 2009–2010 | CS | Self-report: living with smokers | 10–18 | 5625 | BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Davis et al. (2016) [23] | 2003–2006 | CS | Non-smoker, plasma cotinine ≥ 0.05 ng/mL | 7–11 | 222 | BMI, WC, INS, FPG |
| McConnell et al. (2015) [24] | NC | C | Questionnaire: living with smokers, quantity of smokers in the household | 10 | 3318 | BMI |
| Chen et al. (2015) [25] | 2004–2010 | C | Questionnaire: non-smoker, living together indoors with smokers, the number of exposed years | 26–48 | 415 | BMI, LDL-C |
| Le-Ha et al. (2013) [26] | 1989–2006 | C | Questionnaire: quantity of cigarettes smoked daily in the household | 17 | 1754 | BMI, WC, INS, FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Yang et al. (2012) [27] | NC | CS | Non-smoker, plasma cotinine ≥ 0.90 ng/mL | 16 | 624 | TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Dulger et al. (2011) [28] | NC | CS | Non-smoker, living with smokers for at least 5–6 h during the day | 27–33 | 40 | FPG |
| Xie et al. (2010) [29] |
NC | CS | Questionnaire: number of days/one week in a room with smokers | 38 | 389 | BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Moss et al. (2010) [30] | NC | CS | Self-report passive smoking | 30–50/10–12 | 41 | FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Kowall et al. (2010) [31] | 1999–2001 | C | Questionnaire: stay with smokers at home/work, quantity of other smokers | 55–74 | 1223 | BMI, WC, INS, FPG |
| Nagel et al. (2009) [32] | 1999–2008 | CS | Questionnaire: living with smokers, quantity of cigarettes smoked daily in the household | 10 | 450 | BMI |
| Makris et al. (2009) [33] | NC | CS | Non-smoker, at least 1 h daily domestic and/or workplace smoke exposure | 50–60 | 254 | BMI, WC, FPG, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Houston et al. (2006) [34] | NC | C | Self-report and serum cotinine (1–15 ng/mL) | 18–30 | 4572 | INS, TG |
| Mack et al. (2003) [35] | NC | CS | Questionnaire: number of smokers and hours per day staying with smokers | 40 | 227 | BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C |
| Henkin et al. (1999) [36] | NC | CS | Structured interview: living with smokers | 40–69 | 1481 | INS |
SHS—Secondhand smoke; NC—Not Clear; CS—Cross-sectional Study; C—Cohort Study; BMI—Body Mass Index; WC—Waist Circumference; INS—Insulin; FPG—Fasting Plasma Glucose; TC—Total Cholesterol; TG—Triglycerides; LDL-C—Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HDL-C—High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.