Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariate analyses for associations between standardised sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related behaviour determinants with HOMA-IR and inverse HOMA-B (n = 3309)
| Determinant | HOMA-IR | Inverse HOMA-B | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariate | Bivariate | Multivariate | |
| Age | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.04) | −0.11 (−0.14, −0.08) | 0.19 (0.16, 0.22) | 0.20 (0.16, 0.23) |
| Sex (female) | 0.38 (0.32, 0.43) | 0.16 (0.09, 0.23) | −0.49 (−0.54, −0.43) | −0.35 (−0.42, −0.28) |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.20 ( 0.12, 0.28) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) | −0.14 (−0.22, −0.06) | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.02) |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| BMI | 0.45 (0.42, 0.47) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.24) | −0.37 (−0.39, −0.34) | −0.17 (−0.24, −0.10) |
| Waist circumference | 0.43 (0.41, 0.46) | 0.29 (0.22, 0.36) | −0.32 (−0.35, −0.29) | −0.19 (−0.26, −0.12) |
| Health-related behaviours | ||||
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) |
| Alcohol consumptiona | ||||
| No alcohol | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Within guidelines | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) |
| Exceeding guideline | −0.30 (−0.46, −0.14) | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.10) | 0.36 (0.20, 0.52) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.43) |
| Physical activityb | ||||
| Low activity | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Moderate activity | −0.15 (−0.24, −0.06) | −0.09 (−0.17, 0.00) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.13) |
| High activity | −0.19 (−0.26, −0.12) | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.04) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.00, 0.14) |
| Smoking | −0.44 (−0.61, −0.28) | −0.22 (−0.41, −0.03) | 0.40 (0.23, 0.57) | 0.17 (−0.02, 0.36) |
| Geographical location | ||||
| Rural Ghana | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Urban Ghana | 0.55 (0.47, 0.63) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.19) | −0.42 (−0.50, −0.34) | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) |
| Amsterdam | 0.71 (0.63, 0.79) | 0.10 (−0.00, 0.20) | −0.39 (−0.47, −0.31) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.20) |
| Berlin | 0.35 (0.24, 0.45) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) | −0.62 (−0.72, −0.51) | −0.30 (−0.41, −0.18) |
| London | 0.50 (0.41, 0.58) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.17) | −0.50 (−0.59, −0.41) | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.05) |
Data are presented as β coefficients (95% CI)
HOMA-IR and inverse HOMA-B are multiplied by 10, log transformed and converted to standardised z scores. All continuous determinants are also converted to standardised z scores
In bivariate analyses, each determinant was individually included in the model. In multivariate analyses, all determinants were simultaneously included in the model
aGuideline: ≤1 unit of alcohol per day for women and ≤2 units of alcohol per day for men [22]
bPhysical activity were categorised according to MET h/week [41]