TABLE 2.
Characteristics of the studies evaluating the association between dairy intake and bone mass density change1
| Reference | Population | n | Baseline age, y | BMI, kg/m2 | Dairy product | Dairy dose2 | Duration of the follow-up, y | Outcome/outcome assessment | Adjustment main effect | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biver, 2018 (39) | Geneva Retirees Cohort (healthy postmenopausal women) Switzerland | 482 | ≥65 | By levels of fermented dairy products intake: 26.3 ± 5.7, 25.1 ± 4.2, 25.1 ± 4.7 | Fermented dairy products (yogurts, fresh cheese, “petit-suisse” cheese, quark, kefir) Milk Ripened cheese | Interviewed FFQ <1 serving/wk 1–6 servings/wk ≥1 servings/day Continuous: servings/wk | 3.0 ± 0.5 | Longitudinal change (annual percentage of BMD change): aBMD, DXA Volumetric BMD and microstructure variables, for total bone, cortical, and trabecular compartments: HR-pQCT | Energy, calcium, and protein intakes (only fermented dairy) | There was no significant correlation between annual change (%) in aBMD (total hip and spine) and dairy intake (servings/week) Significant correlation between annual change (%) in aBMD (radius) and milk intake (servings/week)—nonadjustedr = 0.15; P < 0.001 Cortical bone (HR-pQCT) loss was attenuated at nonbearing bone sites in fermented dairy product consumers, not in milk or ripened cheese consumers, independently of total energy, calcium, and protein intakes |
| Sahni, 2017 (40) | Framingham Original Cohort Framingham Osteoporosis Study USA | 628 men and women (27% used vitamin D supplements) | 75 (69–96) | Nonvitamin D users: 26.9 ± 4.5 Vitamin D users: 25.9 ± 4.6 | Milk Yogurt Cheese Cream Milk + yogurt Milk + yogurt + cheese | FFQ (self-reported and reviewed with clinic staff) Continuous: servings/wk | 3.9 (range: 2.1–5.1) | Femur, spine, and radius BMD (DXA) Percentage BMD change | Baseline BMD, age, weight, height, sex (men, women who never used estrogen or used it formerly, and women currently using estrogen), total energy intake, calcium supplement use, and smoking | Vitamin D supplement nonusers: no association between dairy intake and percentage BMD change Vitamin D supplement users (per servings/wk β ± SE;P) Trochanter BMD: Milk: 0.2084 ± 0.101; 0.040 Milk + yogurt: 0.2127 ± 0.097; 0.030 Milk + yogurt + cheese: 0.2352 ± 0.089; 0.009 No associations with BMD at other sites or with different dairy exposure. |
| Kalkwarf, 2003 (30) | NHANES III (non-Hispanic, white women) USA | 3251 | 1371 (42.2%) aged 20–49 1880 (57.8%) aged ≥50 Exposure: milk intake during: childhood (5–12) adolescence (13–17) | 25.16 ± 0.6 aged 20–49 y 27.30 ± 0.5 aged ≥50 y | Milk | Interviewer-administered questionnaire <1 serving/wk 1–6 servings/wk 1 serving/d >1 serving/d Categorization Low intake: <1 serving/wk High intake: >1 serving/d | From exposure measurement to outcome assessment, at least 33 y | Mean BMD Total hip DXA | BMD 20–49 y: current calcium intake, age, weight, estrogen deficiency, and physical activity BMD ≥50 y: current calcium intake, age, weight, estrogen deficiency, physical activity, ever a smoker, and alcohol intake | 20–49 y: childhood milk intake and hip BMD: No association (overall P = 0.31) 20–49 y: Adolescence milk intake and hip BMD: Positive association (P ≤ 0.02) Mean BMD of consumers <1 serving/wk was ∼3% lower than those who consumed >1 serving/d 20–49 y: combined childhood and adolescence milk intake and hip BMD: 1.7% lower in women with low intake in childhood and adolescence 2.1% lower in women with high intake in childhood and low intake in adolescence Compared with women with high intake in childhood and adolescence (P ≤ 0.05) BMD ≥50 y: childhood milk intake and hip BMD: Mean BMD of consumers <1 serving/wk was 2.1% lower than those who consumed >1 serving/d (P = 0.10) BMD ≥50 y: adolescence milk intake and hip BMD: Mean BMD of consumers <1 serving/wk was 2.2% lower than those who consumed >1 serving/d. (P < 0.10) BMD ≥50 y: combined childhood and adolescence milk intake and hip BMD: No association in (i) women with low intake in childhood and adolescence; or (ii) women with high intake in childhood and low intake in adolescence, compared with women with high intake in childhood and adolescence (P = 0.98) |
1aBMD, areal bone mass density; BMD, bone mass density; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; HR-pQCT, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computerized tomography.