TABLE 3.
Subgroup analyses for the risk of bladder cancer for high compared with low and medium compared with low milk intake in the adult population, based on gender, region, and type of study design1
| Subgroup | n | High vs. low consumption RR (95% CI) | I 2 | P | Medium vs. low consumption RR (95% CI) | I 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 4 | 0.86 (0.65, 1.07) | 78.7 | 0.003 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.08) | 34.6 | 0.217 |
| Female | 3 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.08) | 68.2 | 0.043 | — | — | |
| Geographical location | |||||||
| Americas | 7 | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) | 74.9 | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 59.2 | 0.031 |
| Europe | 6 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.13) | 51.2 | 0.068 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.13) | 37.2 | 0.189 |
| Asia | 5 | 0.80 (0.57, 1.04) | 69.4 | 0.011 | 0.79 (0.59, 0.98) | 56.8 | 0.074 |
| Type of design | |||||||
| Case-control | 12 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 72.4 | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.82, 1.02) | 67.3 | 0.002 |
| Cohort | 6 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.02) | 31.6 | 0.199 | 0.85 (0.71, 0.99) | 19.7 | 0.289 |
1 P < 0.05 indicates the presence of heterogeneity between studies.