Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population and its association with circulating malondialdehyde (MDA) (n = 516).
| Baseline Characteristics | Plasma MDA, Ln | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear Regression ¥ | Adjusted Linear Regression † | Backwards Linear Regression § | |||
| Std. β | Std. β | Std. β | |||
| Plasma MDA, µmol/L | 2.55 (1.92–3.66) | – | – | – | |
| Demographic and anthropometric | |||||
| Age, years | 52 ± 13 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||
| Male sex, n (%) | 292 (57) | −0.06 * | −0.07 * | ~ | |
| Weight, kg | 79.0 ± 15.4 | −0.04 | −0.01 | ||
| Height, cm | 174 ± 10 | −0.04 | 0.02 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | −0.03 | −0.02 | ||
| Waist, cm a | 96.4 ± 13.7 | −0.07 * | −0.05 | ||
| Glucose and lipids metabolism | |||||
| Glucose, mmol/L(mg/dL) b | 5.16 (93) ± 0.64 (11) | 0.10 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.12 ** | |
| HbA1c, % c | 5.67 ± 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
| Impaired fasting glucose, n (%) | 122 (24) | 0.06 * | 0.07 * | ~ | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.12 ± 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L d | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.09 ** | 0.06 * | 0.09 ** | |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L d | 3.0 ± 0.9 | −0.04 | −0.04 | ||
| Triglycerides, mmol/L e | 1.62 (1.21–2.16) | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
| Transplantation-related data | |||||
| Time after transplant, years | 5.2 (2.0–12.2) | 0.03 | 0.02 | ||
| Living donor, n (%) | 187 (36) | 0.07 * | 0.07 * | ~ | |
| Pre-emptive, n (%) | 92 (18) | 0.03 | 0.02 | ||
| Immunosuppressive therapy | |||||
| Acute rejection treatment, n (%) | 124 (24) | 0.06 * | 0.08 * | ~ | |
| Use of calcineurin inhibitors | |||||
| Tacrolimus, n (%) | 89 (17) | −0.01 | 0.02 | ||
| Cyclosporine, n (%) | 194 (38) | −0.02 | −0.01 | ||
| Use of proliferation inhibitors | |||||
| Azathriopine, n (%) | 95 (18) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| Mycophenolic acid, n (%) | 340 (66) | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||
| Prednisolone cumulative dose, g | 16.9 (5.8–36.3) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
| Cardiovascular history | |||||
| History of CV disease, n (%) f | 204 (40) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| SBP, mmHg e | 135 ± 17 | −0.03 | −0.01 | ||
| DBP, mmHg e | 83 ± 11 | 0.05 | 0.08 * | ~ | |
| Use of antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 448 (87) | −0.05 | −0.02 | ||
| Graft function and inflammation | |||||
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L d | 123 (100–159) | −0.07 * | 0.12 * | ~ | |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/mind d | 53 ± 20 | 0.10 ** | 0.10 ** | ~ | |
| Protein excretion, g/day | 0.18 (0.02–0.32) | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||
| hs-CRP, mg/L g | 1.4 (0.6–3.8) | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Leucocytes, × 109/L e | 7.8 (6.3–9.6) | 0.10 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.12 ** | |
| Nutrition | |||||
| Plasma albumin, g/L d | 43.3 ± 3.0 | 0.002 | −0.003 | ||
| Kcal intake, kcal/day h | 2189 ± 617 | −0.002 | 0.01 | ||
| Fatty acids intake h | |||||
| n-6 LA, g/day ∧ | 15 (13–19) | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
| n-6 AA, g/day ∧ | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
| n-3 ALA, g/day ∧ | 1.25 (1.02–1.60) | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||
| n-3 EPA, g/day ∧ | 0.04 (0.01–0.09) | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
| n-3 DHA, g/day ∧ | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smokers, n (%) i | 67 (13) | −0.01 | 0.002 | ||
| Alcohol intake, g/day h | 2.92 (0.04–11.52) | −0.08 * | −0.08 * | ~ | |
| SQUASH-score, intensity × hours | 5555 (2640–8513) | −0.02 | <0.01 | ||
* p value < 0.20; ** p value < 0.05. ¥ Crude linear regression analysis. † Linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and eGFR. § Stepwise backwards linear regression analysis; for inclusion and exclusion in this analysis, p Values were set at 0.2 and 0.05, respectively. ~ Excluded from the final model. Data available in: a 499, b 514, c 495, d 455, e 515, f 398, g 484, h 468, i 490 patients. MDA, malondialdehyde; Std. β, standarized B coefficient; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CV, cardiovascular; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; kcal, kilocalories; LA, linoleic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-lipoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. ∧ Adjusted for total caloric intake according to the residual method.