. 2019 Apr 14;16(8):1338. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081338

Table 9.

Longitudinal predicting effects of the parent-child subsystem qualities on delinquency.

Model	Predictors	Wave 2 Delinquency			Wave 3 Delinquency
Model	Predictors	β	t	Cohen’s f²	β	t	Cohen’s f²
1	Gender ^a	0.07	3.51 ***	0.005	0.12	5.68 ***	0.014
	R² change	0.005			0.014
	F change	12.29 ***			32.22 ***
2	PBC	−0.13	−4.30 ***	0.008	−0.06	−1.83	0.002
	PPC	0.05	2.21 *	0.002	0.01	0.42	0.000
	FCRQ	−0.11	−3.31 ***	0.006	−0.14	−4.65 ***	0.010
	R² change	0.048			0.034
	F change	37.39 ***			25.23 ***
3	MBC	−0.06	−2.30 *	0.002	−0.05	−1.70	0.001
	MPC	0.04	1.90	0.001	0.02	0.97	0.000
	MCRQ	−0.16	−5.62 ***	0.013	−0.14	−4.76 ***	0.010
	R² change	0.046			0.030
	F change	36.06 ***			25.10 ***
4	PBC	−0.11	−3.57 ***	0.006	−0.03	−0.92	0.000
	PPC	0.05	2.07 *	0.002	0.01	0.51	0.000
	FCRQ	−0.06	−1.82 ^{^}	0.002	−0.10	3.12 **	0.005
	MBC	−0.02	−0.62	0.000	−0.03	−0.95	0.000
	MPC	−0.002	−0.09	0.000	0.00	0.06	0.000
	MCRQ	−0.12	−3.76 ***	0.007	−0.11	−3.63 **	0.006
	R² change	0.061			0.046
	F change	23.17 ***			16.76 ***

Note. For Model 2–4, gender was controlled; parental factors measured at Wave 1 were used as predictors; ^a Female = −1, Male = 1. PBC = paternal behavioral control; PPC = paternal psychological control; FCRQ = father-child relational quality; MBC = maternal behavioral control; MPC = maternal psychological control; MCRQ = mother-child relational quality. ^ p < 0.10. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001.