Table 4.
Risk for maternal and neonatal outcomes among deliveries occurring after 28 weeks in the GDM group by diabetes treatment
| Outcome | No diabetes | GDM | Insulin-treated GDM | Non-insulin-treated GDM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deliveries >28 weeks | ||||
| n | 729,105 | 57,383 | 16,108 | 41,275 |
| Caesarean section | ||||
| Rate, % | 19.5 | 27.8 | 34.0 | 25.3 |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 1.4 (1.4, 1.4) | 1.7 (1.7, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) |
| Eclampsia/pre-eclampsia | ||||
| Rate, % | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) |
| Delivery <37 weeks | ||||
| Rate, % | 6.1 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 7.6 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) |
| Neonatal | ||||
| n | 655,534 | 52,279 | 14,781 | 37,498 |
| Perinatal deathc | ||||
| Rate, % | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
| Asphyxia | ||||
| Rate, % | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
| Macrosomia | ||||
| Rate, % | 9.2 | 15.7 | 18.5 | 14.5 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) | 2.1 (2.1, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.6, 1.7) |
| Erb’s palsy/clavicle fractured | ||||
| Rate, % | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| OR (95% CI)e | 1 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
| Cardiac malformations | ||||
| Rate, % | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) |
| Nervous system malformations | ||||
| Rate, % | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
| OR (95% CI)b | 1 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) |
| Respiratory distress | ||||
| Rate, % | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 |
| OR (95% CI)a | 1 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
aAdjusted for maternal age and gestational age
bAdjusted for maternal age
cCalculated on deliveries excluding terminations of pregnancy after 22 weeks
dCalculated on deliveries excluding Caesarean sections
eAdjusted for maternal age and birthweight