Table 1.
Item contents of the constructs in the proposed model.
| Constructs | Items | Item contents | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Attitude toward risk (ATR) |
ATR1 | You like taking risks at work. | [29,30] |
| ATR2 | You think taking risks at work is a good idea. | ||
| Cognitive bias (CB) |
CB1 | In a situation where labor and material resources are already mobilized, it is impossible to stop working for any safety considerations even if you know about the potential risks. | [31] |
| CB2 | You believe that you can prevent any kind of accident related to your work. | ||
| CB3 | Your sufficient, relevant experience ensures that you will not be injured in the construction site. | ||
| Risk perception (RP) |
You think it is very risky if … | [18,32,33] | |
| RP1 | you continue doing a typical task when you are feeling tired or fatigued. | ||
| RP2 | you walk across wet ground where electrical wires or cables are laid out. | ||
| RP3 | you do not wear a safety harness when working on a 1.5 m (5 ft) high scaffolding platform without a guardrail. | ||
| Safety climate (SC) |
SC1 | You think that your supervisor or company provides adequate and rigorous safety supervision and support in your workplace. | [34,35] |
| SC2 | Your company has a firm commitment to safety by monitoring safety in the workplace. | ||
| SC3 | Members of your team are very concerned about their own safety performance. | ||
| SC4 | You feel great satisfaction whenever you have high safety performance. | ||
| Work condition (WC) |
WC1 | You always secure the hook of your safety harness while working at heights because anchor points are available for hooking. | [29,36,37,38] |
| WC2 | You always work under sufficient lighting. | ||
| WC3 | Given the restrictions in workplaces regarding the use of approved access ladders or working platforms, you always use proper ladders to carry out your work above ground. | ||
| WC4 | During handling construction debris, safety gloves are always available for you. | ||
| WC5 | Many safety equipment/devices required at work are always available on the spot or easy to obtain. | ||
| Risk-taking behavior (RTB) |
During the past 12 months, | [39,40] | |
| RTB1 | you have always worked or walked across a guardrail-free working platform at a height of 2 m or more above ground without wearing a safety harness. | ||
| RTB2 | you have always worked without using the required PPE, tools, or other working equipment. | ||
| RTB3 | you have always worked at a height of 2 m or more above ground without anchoring your safety harness properly. | ||
| RTB4 | you have always used any unapproved access ladders when working at a height of 1.5 m or more above ground. | ||
| RTB5 | you have always refused to wear safety goggles and earplugs during cutting and hammering? |