Table 3.
Odds ratios for changes in mental health and well-being measures over time, by age group and sex. Welsh Health Survey, 2007–2014
| Total | Males | Females | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio/β coefficient | Confidence interval | p value | Odds ratio/β coefficient | Confidence interval | p value | Odds ratio/β coefficient | Confidence interval | p value | ||||
| 4–12 years old | ||||||||||||
| Parent-reported general health | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.979 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.13 | 0.499 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 1.06 | 0.382 |
| Parent-reported general health | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.137 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.02 | 0.247 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.324 |
| Mental health condition | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.03 | 0.228 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.086 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.16 | 0.760 |
| Any limiting long-standing illness | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.819 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.827 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.586 |
| Long-standing illness | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.582 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.352 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.078 |
| SDQE binary | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 0.567 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.759 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.816 |
| SDQE | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.261 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.167 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.644 |
| SDQT binary | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 0.209 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.228 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 0.518 |
| SDQT | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.115 | −0.07 | −0.14 | −0.01 | 0.031 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.372 |
| 13–15 years old | ||||||||||||
| Self-reported general health | 0.97 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 0.541 | 1.00 | 0.86 | 1.17 | 0.990 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.08 | 0.382 |
| Self-reported general health | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.114 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.371 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.175 |
| Mental health condition | 1.04 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.376 | 1.01 | 0.89 | 1.14 | 0.873 | 1.08 | 0.95 | 1.24 | 0.247 |
| Any limiting long-standing illness | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 0.908 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 0.107 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.053 |
| Long-standing illness | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.073 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 0.358 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.111 |
| SDQE binary | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.10 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 0.109 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.12 | 0.002 |
| SDQE | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.282 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.001 |
| SDQT binary | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.590 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.05 | 0.713 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 0.266 |
| SDQT | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.497 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.963 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 0.074 |
| 16–24 years old | ||||||||||||
| Self-reported general health | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 0.852 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 0.504 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 0.417 |
| Self-reported general health | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.174 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 0.961 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.088 |
| Mental health condition | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.18 | 0.001 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.15 | <0.001 |
| Any chronic illness currently treated | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.026 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.218 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.062 |
SDQT, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Score (binary score 0–16 v. 17–36); SDQE, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Emotion Score (binary score 0–4 v. 5–10.
For all binary variables, odds ratios show the change in odds per year over the study period. Values >1 indicate increasing odds of poor health over time. For scale variables (SDQE, SDQT), the β coefficient represents the change in score per year over time. Positive values indicate increasing number of symptoms.