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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 30;73(16):2089–2105. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.024

Central Illustration. Intestinal microbiota and its metabolic contributions to cardiovascular health and disease.

Central Illustration.

Dietary nutrients are filtered by intestinal microbiota by both metabolism-dependent effects (generation of microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine from dietary carbohydrates and choline/carnitine, respectively) and metabolism-independent effects (lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans) leading to downstream metabolic alterations affect cardiovascular and end-organ functions. (145)