Table 3.
The number and percent of observational studies that examine animal hosts for natural exposure to and/or infection with La Crosse virus (LACV) in the literature (N = 31)
| Overall | LACV Positive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal category | Species* | N | % | N |
| Wild animals | ||||
| Deer | White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)a | 9 | 29.0 | 7 |
| Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) | 2 | 6.5 | 2 | |
| Elk | Cervus elaphus | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Moose | Alces alces | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Fox | Red fox (Vulpes fulva)a | 2 | 6.5 | 1 |
| Grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) | 1 | 3.2 | 1 | |
| Slothb | Two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) | 1 | 3.2 | 0 | |
| Raccoon | Procyon lotorc | 4 | 12.9 | 3 |
| Opossum | Didelphis virginianusc | 2 | 6.5 | 0 |
| Didelphis marsupialis | 1 | 3.2 | 0 | |
| Bird | Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Mute swans (Cygnus olor) | 1 | 3.2 | 0 | |
| Rabbitsb | Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus)a | 3 | 9.7 | 1 |
| Species not reported | 3 | 9.7 | 1 | |
| Rodents | ||||
| Squirrels | Gray squirrels (Sciuris carolinensis)a | 5 | 16.1 | 4 |
| Fox squirrel (S. niger)a | 1 | 3.2 | 1 | |
| Species not reported | 1 | 3.2 | 1 | |
| Chipmunks | Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)a | 11 | 35.5 | 9 |
| Species not reported | 1 | 3.2 | 1 | |
| Woodchuck/groundhog | Marmota monaxa | 1 | 3.2 | 1 |
| Rat | Rattus spp. | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Muskrat | Ondatra zibethicus | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Domestic/farm animals | ||||
| Cat | Felis catusc | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Dog | Canis familiarisc,d | 3 | 9.7 | 3 |
| Pig | Sus domesticusc | 1 | 3.2 | 1 |
| Sheep | Ovis ariesc | 1 | 3.2 | 0 |
| Goat | Capra hircusc | 2 | 6.5 | 0 |
| Horse | Equus caballusc | 2 | 6.5 | 2 |
| Cattle | Bos taurusc | 1 | 3.2 | 1 |
N/A, Not applicable as the study did not report any LACV positive samples.
Species indicated by the author to be part of the sylvatic cycle.
All samples were collected from the USA except for one study that sampled rabbits from Canada and one study that sampled sloths from Costa Rica, both did not find evidence of LACV exposure.
Species indicated by the author to be dead-end host.
Species indicated by the author to suffer from clinical LACV infection.
*All animals were tested for LACV using antigen-antibody assays. Three studies used viral isolation methods to detect LACV in gray squirrels (S. carolinensis) and eastern chipmunks (T. striatus) (S4).