Table 4.

The relationship between dental status and daily micronutrient intakes

				Unadjusted			Adjustedb
Nutrient	Dental status	Mean	SD	Mean difference	95% CI	P	Mean difference	95% CI	P
Retinol μg/da	DEN	339.30	218.15, 443.08	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	354.27	215.00, 465.56	−1.01	− 1.15, 1.12	0.834	1.07	−1.05, 1.21	0.239
	E-DEN	334.76	216.15, 465.71	1.04	−1.08, 1.18	0.495	1.04	−1.09, 1.18	0.509
β-carotene μg/da	DEN	2364.80	1403.04, 4231.63	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	2099.42	1182.22, 3723.48	−1.13	− 1.29, 1.00	0.081	−1.09	− 1.24, 1.05	0.214
	E-DEN	1637.74	718.21, 3724.93	1.44	−1.65, − 1.26	< 0.001	− 1.28	−1.48, − 1.11	0.001
Vitamin B6 mg/d	DEN	2.04	0.78	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	1.93	0.66	−0.12	− 0.22, − 0.01	0.037	−0.06	− 0.14, 0.03	0.223
	E-DEN	1.87	0.78	−0.17	− 0.28, − 0.06	0.002	−0.04	− 0.14, 0.06	0.421
Vitamin B12 μg/da	DEN	5.16	3.65, 7.15	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	5.21	3.76, 6.88	1.01	1.06, 1.08	0.853	1.03	−1.03, 1.10	0.513
	E-DEN	4.70	3.49, 5.99	−1.08	− 1.16, − 1.01	0.028	− 1.02	− 1.10, 1.05	0.307
Folate μg/d	DEN	261.85	100.67	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	246.95	82.59	−14.90	−28.30, − 1.49	0.029	− 5.69	− 17.01, 5.64	0.325
	E-DEN	219.17	88.35	−42.67	−56.26, − 29.09	< 0.001	− 20.48	− 32.74, − 8.23	0.001
Vitamin C mg/d	DEN	84.10	49.21	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	81.50	47.32	−2.60	−9.40, 4.21	0.454	0.82	−5.59, 7.23	0.801
	E-DEN	63.33	42.41	−20.77	− 27.66, − 13.87	< 0.001	− 9.34	−16.28, − 2.41	0.008
Vitamin D μg/da	DEN	2.83	3.65, 7.15	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	2.69	3.76, 6.88	−1.04	−1.12, 1.03	0.282	−1.01	−1.08, 1.06	0.790
	E-DEN	2.39	1.62, 3.65	−1.14	− 1.22, − 1.06	< 0.001	− 1.06	− 1.13, 1.02	0.120
Iron mg/d	DEN	10.36	3.25	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	10.01	3.25	−0.36	−0.82, 0.11	0.136	0.02	−0.32, 0.37	0.893
	E-DEN	9.03	3.13	−1.34	−1.81, − 0.86	< 0.001	− 0.35	− 0.73, 0.02	0.065
Calcium mg/d	DEN	826.60	291.27	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	841.95	285.93	15.35	−26.73, 57.43	0.474	34.97	2.40, 67.53	0.035
	E-DEN	765.47	275.20	−61.13	− 103.77, −18.49	0.005	−5.17	−40.41, 30.07	0.773
Magnesium mg/d	DEN	251.99	75.09	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	241.73	75.90	−10.26	−20.95, 0.43	0.060	−0.59	−7.99, 6.81	0.876
	E-DEN	207.96	68.91	−44.03	−54.87, −33.20	< 0.001	−17.72	−25.73, −9.71	< 0.001
Potassium mg/d	DEN	2725.90	789.24	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	2772.58	799.12	−99.94	− 211.69, 11.80	0.080	0.19	−77.98, 78.35	0.996
	E-DEN	2448.16	753.88	− 424.36	− 537.58, − 311.14	< 0.001	− 151.27	− 235.85, −66.70	< 0.001
Iodine μg/d	DEN	187.44	95.70	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	D-DEN	180.88	78.63	−6.56	−19.07, 5.95	0.304	−1.40	− 12.75, 9.95	0.808
	E-DEN	167.95	77.66	−19.50	−32.17, − 6.82	0.003	−5.22	− 17.50, 7.06	0.405

Data analysed using multiple regression. Data presented as means (SD), and unadjusted and adjusted differences in means (95% CI). ^aVariables were naturally logged transformed for analysis, and presented as geometric means (IQRs), and ratio of the geometric means (95% CIs). DEN group was fixed as the reference category in each model. ^bAdjusted for age, gender, SES (low, med & high), living status (living alone or not living alone), energy intake (kJ/d), survey year and smoking status (current smoker, past regular smoker & never smoked).