Table 1.
Demographic, neurological, and functional characteristics of the experimental and control group at baseline
| Virtual Rehabilitation (n = 10) | Treatment As Usual (n = 11) | Comparison Test | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 64.3 (17.4), 42–94 (66) | 64.6 (12.0), 52–79 (69) | t = − 0.05, p = 0.96 |
| Genderb | χ2 = 0.6, p = 0.80 | ||
| Male | 4 (40) | 5 (45) | |
| Female | 6 (60) | 6 (55) | |
| Education (years)a | 13.5 (2.1), 10–16 (14) | 12.5 (1.9), 10–15 (12) | t = 1.20, p = 0.24 |
| Rehab NIHSSa | 3.0 (1.8), 0–5 (3.5) | 2.3 (1.6), 0–4 (2.5) | t = 0.67, p = 0.52 |
| Time since stroke (days)a | 22.8 (14.8), 8–44 (24) | 30.0 (15.9), 10–62 (32) | t = − 1.07, p = 0.30 |
| Ischemic Strokeb | 9 (90) | 9 (82) | |
| Hemorrhagic Strokeb | 1 (10) | 2 (18) | |
| Left-sided lesionb | 4 (40) | 5 (45) | |
| Right-sided lesionb | 6 (60) | 6 (55) | |
| Oxfordshire Classification | χ2 = 4.96, p = 0.17 | ||
| TACI/Hb | 5 (50) | 1 (9) | |
| LACI/Hb | 1 (10) | 2 (18) | |
| PACI/Hb | 2 (20) | 6 (55) | |
| POCI/Hb | 2 (20) | 2 (18) | |
| MoCA baselinea | 18.4 (2.5), 14–22 (18.5) | 19.2 (4.1), 12–24 (18) | t = −0.53, p = 0.61 |
| BBT baseline, MAHa | 21.8 (12.8), 12–43 (15) | 21.5 (8.1), 13–34 (20) | t = 0.08, p = 0.94 |
| BBT baseline, LAHa | 45.1 (7.9), 30–56 (44.5) | 44.5 (8.3), 30–55 (45) | t = 0.18, p = 0.86 |
| GMLT Errors baseline | 107.8 (12.3), 92–124 (104) | 110.6 (14.7), 92–125 (117) | t = − 0.46, p = 0.65 |
| Set Shift Errors baseline | 64.9 (10.1), 50–79 (68.5) | 64.6 (12.7), 47–89 (65) | t = 0.07, p = 0.95 |
| NFI baseline | 181.1 (36.6), 124–255 (180.5) | 182.8 (43.1), 97–227 (189) | t = − 0.10, p = 0.92 |
aMean (SD) range (median); bNo (%). Note: GMLT CogState Groton Maze Learning Task, LACI/H lacunar infarct/ hemorrhage, LAH Less Affected Hand, MAH Most Affected Hand, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NFI Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale range 0-24; PACI/H partial anterior circulation infarct/ hemorrhage, POCI/H posterior circulation infarct/ hemorrhage, TACI/H total anterior circulation infarct/ hemorrhage