Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects
| Controls (n = 145) | Gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 160) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 28.25 ± 5.15 | 29.35 ± 5.36 | 0.075 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 26.27 ± 1.48 | 25.99 ± 1.65 | 0.137 |
| Height (cm) | 160.40 ± 5.71 | 159.21 ± 5.95 | 0.076 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 61.74 ± 11.98 | 76.21 ± 11.27 | 0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.06 ± 4.82 | 30.21 ± 5.10 | 0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Underweight (< 20 kg/m2) | 23.4 | 3.8 | |
| Normal weight (20–24.9 kg/m2) | 38.6 | 8.8 | |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 26.2 | 34.4 | |
| Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 11.7 | 53.1 | |
| Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (%)a | 37.9 | 87.5 | 0.001 |
| Weight at delivery (kg) | 77.60 ± 12.59 | 87.58 ± 11.54 | 0.001 |
| BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 30.24 ± 5.18 | 34.71 ± 5.30 | 0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 16.05 ± 5.43 | 11.56 ± 2.72 | 0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain (%)b | 0.011 | ||
| Excessive | 44.1 | 61.2 | |
| Adequate | 46.9 | 33.1 | |
| Below | 9.0 | 5.6 | |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 72.39 ± 7.12 | 101.67 ± 11.99 | 0.001 |
| İnsulin (µIU/ml) | 8.07 ± 2.02 | 11.93 ± 4.78 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.42 ± 0.39 | 3.06 ± 1.26 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.01 ± 0.32 | 5.51 ± 0.43 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 108.06 ± 8.74 | 110.84 ± 11.23 | 0.052 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.70 ± 5.62 | 73.48 ± 5.11 | 0.207 |
Italics represents significant p-values
PPO pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, GWG gestational weight gain, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c
aPrepregnancy overweight/obesity is defined as the percentage of subjects with having BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
bRecommended gestational weight gain was calculated based on Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations according to pre-pregnancy BMI