Table 4.
Clinics of pregnants according to the FTO gene rs9939609 SNP
| TT-wild (n = 132) | AT (n = 116) | AA (n = 57) | p* | p** | p*** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (%) | 55.3 (n = 73) | 46.6 (n = 54) | 31.6 (n = 18) | 0.169 | 0.003 | 0.060 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (%) | 44.7 (n = 59) | 53.4 (n = 62) | 68.4 (n = 39) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (%) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.011 | |||
| Underweight (< 20 kg/m2) | 18.2 | 10.3 | 7.0 | |||
| Normal weight (20–24.9 kg/m2) | 33.3 | 16.4 | 12.3 | |||
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 19.7 | 44.8 | 26.3 | |||
| Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 28.8 | 28.4 | 54.4 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (%)a | 48.5 (n = 64) | 73.3 (n = 85) | 80.7 (n = 46) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.284 |
| Gestational weight gain (%)b | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.014 | |||
| Below | 12.1 | 3.4 | 3.6 | |||
| Adequate | 51.5 | 37.9 | 16.1 | |||
| Excessive | 36.4 | 58.6 | 80.4 | |||
| Excessive GWG (%) | 36.4 (n = 48) | 58.6 (n = 68) | 80.4 (n = 46) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 65.79 ± 13.80 | 69.69 ± 11.31 | 76.78 ± 14.81 | 0.016 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25.80 ± 5.80 | 27.46 ± 5.03 | 30.36 ± 6.27 | 0.017 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Weight at delivery (kg) | 78.52 ± 13.01 | 83.84 ± 9.80 | 90.78 ± 14.79 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 30.77 ± 5.56 | 33.03 ± 4.72 | 35.86 ± 6.22 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 10.93 ± 3.77 | 12.93 ± 2.31 | 13.98 ± 4.91 | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.654 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 84.64 ± 18.01 | 88.06 ± 17.65 | 91.64 ± 17.25 | 0.134 | 0.014 | 0.207 |
| İnsulin (µIU/ml) | 9.61 ± 4.35 | 10.18 ± 3.72 | 11.27 ± 4.89 | 0.315 | 0.039 | 0.148 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.16 ± 1.26 | 2.33 ± 1.18 | 2.65 ± 1.37 | 0.307 | 0.033 | 0.159 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.22 ± 0.48 | 5.24 ± 0.41 | 5.41 ± 0.51 | 0.685 | 0.018 | 0.027 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 110.41 ± 9.59 | 108.87 ± 10.61 | 108.77 ± 10.74 | 0.232 | 0.298 | 0.951 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.74 ± 5.43 | 72.81 ± 5.03 | 72.24 ± 5.75 | 0.169 | 0.090 | 0.503 |
Italics represents significant p-values
PPO pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, GWG gestational weight gain, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c
*p TT wild type vs heterozygote AT
**p TT wild type vs homozygote AA
***p heterozygote AT vs homozygote AA
aPrepregnancy overweight/obesity is defined as the percentage of subjects with having BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
bRecommended gestational weight gain was calculated based on Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations according to pre-pregnancy BMI