Table 3.

Evaluation of ESBL-E fecal carriage to tailor empirical antimicrobial therapy

Year	Authors	Design	N	Outcome	Brief results
2018	Jalalzaï et al. [30]	Monocentric, retrospective, before-and-after study	524 SCP 545 non-SCP	Carbapenem consumption	Decrease in carbapenem exposure in patients without ESBL-E infection during the non-SCP (75 vs 61 carbapenem-days per 1000 patient-days, p = 0.01)
2018	Barbier et al. [39]	Inception cohort of a multicenter prospective database	318	ESBL-E VAP	18 ESBL-E VAP for 361 (5%) ventilator-associated complications among ESBL-E fecal carriers
2018	Houard et al. [40]	Monocentric, retrospective cohort study	410	ESBL-E VAP	Previous ESBL-E fecal carriage as the only independent risk factor [OR 23; 95% CI (10–55), p < 0.001] Predictive value of ESBL-E fecal carriage for subsequent ESBL-E VAP: PPV 43.6%, NVP 97.3%
2018	Liu et al. [35]	Monocentric, retrospective nested case-control study	9015	ICU-acquired ESBL-E BSI	42 ESBL-E BSI among 9015 ESBL-E fecal carriers (0.5%) Independent risk factors associated with subsequent ESBL-E BSI: Antibiotic in the past 72 h: Penicillin (OR 12.076; 95% CI 1.397–104.251, p 0.024) Cephalosporin (OR 6.900; 95% CI 1.493–31.852, p 0.013) Carbapenem (OR 5.422; 95% CI 1.228–23.907, p 0.026) Previous ICU stay (OR 1.041; 95% CI 1.009–1.075, p 0,012) Maximum body temperature (OR 8.014; 95% CI 2.408–26.620, p 0.001)
2017	Razazi et al. [37]	Monocentric, prospective cohort study	6303	ICU-acquired ESBL-E pneumonia Predictive factors for ESBL-E pneumonia among carriers	48/843 (6%) ESBL-E fecal carriers has subsequent ICU-acquired ESBL-E pneumonia 48/111 (43%) of ICU-acquired pneumonia among ESBL-E fecal carriers were due to ESBL-E SAPSII at admission > 43 [OR 2.81 (1.16–6.79)] Colonization with Enterobacter sp. or K. pneumoniae [OR 10.96 (2.93–41.0)] Receipt of > 2 days of AMC [OR 0.24 (0.08–0.71)]
2017	Carbonne et al. [38]	Multicenter, retrospective cohort study	1503	ESBL-E pulmonary colonization	ESBL-E fecal carriage predictive values for ESBL-E pulmonary colonization: Early (≤ 5 days): NPV 99.2% (95% CI [98.7;99.6]), PPV 14.5% (95% CI [12.8;16.3]) Late (> 5 days): NPV 93.4% (95% CI [91.9;95.0]), PPV 34.4% (95% CI [31.4;37.4])
2016	Barbier et al. [41]	Cause-specific hazard model based on prospective data	16,374	ICU-acquired ESBL-E infection Carbapenem exposure	98/594 (16.4%) ESBL-E fecal carriers had subsequent ICU-acquired ESBL-E infection 627, 241 and 69 carbapenem-days per 1000 patient-days for respectively infected ESBL-E carriers, non-infected ESBL-E carriers and non ESBL-E carriers
2016	Bruyère et al. [19]	Monocentric, retrospective cohort study	587	ESBL-E VAP	ESBL-E fecal carriage predictive values for ESBL-E VAP: PPV 41.5%, NPV 99.4%
2012	Razazi et al. [34]	Monocentric, prospective, cohort study	610	ICU-acquired ESBL-E infection	10% of the first episodes of ICU-acquired infections are due to ESBL-E 27% of the second episodes of ICU-acquired infections are due to ESBL-E
2006	Martins et al. [36]	Monocentric prospective cohort study	231	ICU-acquired ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae pneumonia	Previous ESBL-production K. pneumoniae is an independent risk factor ICU-acquired ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae pneumonia (OR 60.6; 95% CI 56.33–578.73)

AMC amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, BSI bloodstream infection, ESBL-E extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, ICU intensive care unit, NPV negative predictive value, PPV predictive positive value, SCP screening period, SAPSII Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia