Table 4.

Factors associated with IgE sensitization (ImmunoCAP IgE > 0.35 kU/L) to any of D pteronyssinus, A hypogaea or B germanica

Factor	Urban			Rural			Interaction P
	N (%)a	aOR (95% CI)b, d	P	N (%)a	aOR (95% CI)b, c	P
Age		0.99 (0.98, 1.01)	0.547		1.01 (0.98, 1.03)	0.589	0.728
Sex
Male	47 (48)	1		241 (64)	1
Female	101 (41)	0.77 (0.51, 1.15)	0.200	196 (49)	0.69 (0.42, 1.14)	0.140	0.407
Younger siblings (Yes/No)
No	27 (33)	1		61 (62)	1
Yes	106 (46)	2.07 (1.07, 4.01)	0.030	313 (56)	0.76 (0.53, 1.09)	0.129	0.008
Occupation
Student or child (not at school)	68 (48)	1		64 (51)	1
Unemployed or housewife	34 (40)	0.70 (0.31, 1.60)		58 (54)	2.05 (1.38, 3.03)
Agricultural, fishing or lake related	4 (36)	0.56 (0.13, 2.46)		251 (61)	1.87 (1.04, 3.37)
Professional or service providers	27 (38)	0.61 (0.26, 1.43)	0.725	61 (47)	1.38 (0.72, 2.66)	0.014	0.148
Lake contact
Never	39 (45)	1
Rarely	69 (42)	0.98 (0.52, 1.85)		8 (42)	1
Once a month	11 (35)	0.74 (0.38, 1.41)
Once a week	14 (50)	1.32 (0.49, 3.55)	0.835	25 (44)	0.82 (0.23, 2.89)
Daily/almost daily				343 (59)	1.64 (0.45, 5.90)	0.174
Bathe in water from lake?
No	121 (42)	1		15 (63)	1
Yes	12 (57)	1.86 (0.50, 6.87)	0.331	361 (57)	0.42 (0.15, 1.11)	0.078	0.065
Hand washing after toilet
No	15 (39)	1		148 (71)	1
Yes	117 (43)	1.36 (0.69, 2.66)	0.344	228 (50)	0.43 (0.30, 0.61)	<0.001	0.003
SWA‐specific IgEe		2.95 (0.51, 17.2)	0.214		6.17 (2.79, 13.6)	<0.001	0.459
SWA‐specific IgG4e		1.01 (0.85, 1.19)	0.932		1.07 (0.89, 1.27)	0.470	0.433
SEA‐specific IgG4e		1.11 (0.97, 1.25)	0.102		1.07 (0.95, 1.21)	0.227	0.704
SWA‐specific IgGe		3.33 (1.12, 9.86)	0.031		1.53 (0.82, 2.86)	0.177	0.340
SEA‐specific IgGe		1.77 (0.63, 4.96)	0.260		1.43 (0.88, 2.30)	0.138	0.796
S mansoni infection (KK)
Uninfected	119 (44)	1		271 (55)	1
Infected	6 (43)	1.06 (0.34, 3.35)	0.910	118 (63)	1.52 (1.19, 1.94)	0.002	0.180
S mansoni infection intensity (KK)
Uninfected	119 (44)	1		271 (55)	1
Light	2 (29)	0.66 (0.11, 4.04)		54 (57)	1.74 (1.18, 2.54)
Moderate	2 (50)	1.20 (0.16, 8.79)		35 (66)	0.94 (0.46, 1.90)
Heavy	2 (67)	2.32 (0.13, 40.9)	0.662	29 (73)	2.37 (0.71, 7.83)	0.028	0.536
Any nematode infectionf
No	109 (42)	1		281 (54)	1
Yes	16 (62)	2.34 (0.76, 7.19)	0.130	108 (66)	1.53 (0.94, 2.49)	0.084	0.287
Slept under mosquito net last night?
No	35 (45)	1		203 (62)	1
Yes	97 (42)	0.93 (0.52, 1.66)	0.958	172 (52)	0.63 (0.41, 0.97)	0.037	0.316
Malaria treatment, last 12 mo
No	83 (45)	1		202 (63)	1
Yes	48 (39)	0.78 (0.46, 1.35)	0.365	221 (51)	0.52 (0.34, 0.81)	0.005	0.185

Associations shown in this table are from adjusted analyses. Full table with crude associations is shown in supplementary Table S1. This table shows only factors that were associated with IgE sensitization (before and/or after adjustment) in either the urban or the rural survey. All other factors that were assessed are listed in the statistical methods section. Significant associations are highlighted in bold. Interaction P values are shown to denote whether tests for interaction showed statistical evidence for urban‐rural differences in associations with IgE sensitization, or not.

aOR: adjusted odds ratios; KK: Kato‐Katz; SWA: Schistosoma adult worm antigen; SEA: Schistosoma egg antigen.

^aNumber (percentage in parenthesis) of IgE sensitized individuals in each category.

^bOdds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for survey design.

^cAll ORs were adjusted for hand washing after toilet use, mosquito net use, malaria treatment, age and sex.

^dAll ORs were adjusted for age and sex.

^eLog10 (concentration+1) transformation applied before analysis.

^fInfection with any of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (assessed by KK), Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis (assessed by PCR).