TABLE 4.

Phosphorylation levels [mean (SD)] of selected signalling proteins in electrically stimulated gastrocnemius muscle after the 6 week ladder-climbing resistance training (RES) or control (CONT) period in rats that are high (HRT) or low (LRT) responders to aerobic exercise training

Signalling protein phosphorylation (a.u.)	HRT-RES	LRT-RES	P value
Akt1 (Ser473)	3.75 (1.91)	1.79 (1.48)	0.151
mTOR (Ser2448)	4.86 (1.14)	7.46 (4.86)	1.000
p70S6K (Thr389)	6.22 (2.33)	6.76 (4.81)	0.421
S6 ribosomal protein (Ser240/244)	1.26 (0.62)	1.33 (1.32)	0.421
4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)	7.37 (4.76)	36.80 (23.22)	0.841
p44/42 MAPK (Erk 1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204)	7.82 (4.87)	12.13 (7.31)	0.151
p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182)	2.06 (1.23)	2.18 (1.03)	0.421
AMPKα (Thrl72)	9.17 (3.03)	9.75 (3.61)	0.690
CaMKII (Thr286)	4.16 (2.73)	4.48 (1.77)	0.841
PKCζ/λ (Thr410/403)	1.75 (0.97)	3.88 (2.15)	0.151
AS160 (Thr642)	9.41 (36.49)	34.67 (28.53)	0.056
SAPK/JNK (Thr183/Tyr185)	2.36 (0.83)	2.07 (0.39)	0.841
Smad2 (Ser245/250/255)	3.32 (1.80)	2.08 (1.23)	0.690
Smad3 (Ser423/425)	1.04 (0.78)	1.29 (0.40)	0.548

Abbreviations: Akt, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homologue; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; CaMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase; 4E-BP, eIF4E binding protein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PKCζ/λ, atypical protein kinase C zeta/lambda; S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; SAPK/JNK, stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase; and Smad, contraction of Sma and Mad. The phosphorylation status of phospholipase D1 (PLD1 Thr147) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK Tyr576/577) was below the limits of detection.