Table 4:
Adjusted Predictors of Opioid Prescriptions Following Dental Visits
| Covariate | Marginal Effect Estimate | [95% Conf. Interval] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 18-39 | ref | ||
| 40-65 | −0.021 | −0.022 | −0.020 |
| 65+ | −0.048 | −0.057 | −0.039 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | ref | ||
| Female | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Coverage Type | |||
| Managed Care | ref | ||
| Fee-for-service (FFS) | −0.022 | −0.024 | −0.021 |
| Eligible for Medicaid under Expansion | |||
| No | ref | ||
| Yes | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.002 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | ref | ||
| Black | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.004 |
| Hispanic | −0.038 | −0.039 | −0.036 |
| Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | −0.049 | −0.051 | −0.047 |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.027 |
| Other | −0.020 | −0.024 | −0.017 |
| Missing | −0.025 | −0.029 | −0.022 |
| High Risk* | |||
| No | ref | ||
| Yes | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.114 |
| Visit Type | |||
| Non-invasive visit | ref | ||
| Invasive visit | 0.356 | 0.353 | 0.358 |
“Prior high risk prescription use” is defined as beneficiaries with: More than 3 prescribers within 12 months; More than 4 controlled substance II-V prescriptions within 12 months; More than 2 controlled substance II-V prescriptions within last 40 days; Any prescription for Methadone, Suboxone, Fentanyl Transdermal, Long-acting Morphine, or Long-acting Oxycodone within last 6 months; Any overlapping prescriptions for Narcotics (controlled substance II-V) and Benzodiazepines within last 6 months; More than 100 average MME/day (Morphine Milligram Equivalent/day) prescribed within last 40 days