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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 23.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2018 Oct 23;32(16):2337–2346. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001988

Table 2.

Association of Individual ARVs with LV Function and Structure Measures Based on Separate Models, Mutually Adjusted Models, or Hierarchical Models

Cardiac Z-score outcome ARV drug (current use) Separate Models1 Mutually Adjusted2 Hierarchical Model3
Est. (se) P-value Est. (se) P-value Est. (se) P-value
Measures of Left Ventricular (LV) Function
Ejection Fraction Lopinavir (LPV/r) 0.18 (0.11) 0.095 0.28 (0.14) 0.052 0.28 (0.14) 0.041
Nelfinavir (NFV) −0.35 (0.16) 0.028 −0.24 (0.21) 0.25 −0.19 (0.20) 0.34
Ritonavir (RTV) 0.35 (0.14) 0.013 0.43 (0.25) 0.088 0.40 (0.21) 0.051
Contractility Lamivudine (3TC) −0.15 (0.13) 0.24 −0.32 (0.17) 0.058 −0.30 (0.16) 0.064
Efavirenz (EFV) −0.46 (0.16) 0.004* −0.40 (0.20) 0.042 −0.38 (0.19) 0.048
Fractional Shortening Abacavir (ABC) −0.10 (0.12) 0.43 −0.25 (0.14) 0.075 −0.23 (0.14) 0.097
Didanosine (ddI) 0.31 (0.13) 0.022 0.26 (0.16) 0.11 0.23 (0.15) 0.14
Lopinavir (LPV/r) 0.09 (0.11) 0.40 0.29 (0.15) 0.056 0.29 (0.15) 0.050
Ritonavir (RTV) 0.28 (0.15) 0.052 0.21 (0.25) 0.40 0.26 (0.21) 0.21
Measures of Left Ventricular (LV) Structure
LV Mass (2D) Didanosine (ddI) −0.25 (0.14) 0.064 −0.21 (0.16) 0.19 −0.20 (0.16) 0.19
Efavirenz (EFV) −0.45 (0.13) 0.001* −0.38 (0.17) 0.023 −0.37 (0.16) 0.023
Zidovudine (ZDV) 0.21 (0.12) 0.084 0.16 (0.16) 0.33 0.14 (0.16) 0.33
LV ED Dimension Efavirenz (EFV) −0.32 (0.14) 0.025 −0.24 (0.17) 0.16 −0.21 (0.18) 0.16
Lopinavir (LPV/r) 0.26 (0.12) 0.025 0.17 (0.16) 0.29 0.16 (0.15) 0.29
Nevirapine (NVP) 0.79 (0.25) 0.002* 0.70 (0.26) 0.008 0.61 (0.25) 0.008
Zidovudine (ZDV) 0.32 (0.13) 0.010 0.35 (0.17) 0.036 0.32 (0.16) 0.036
ES Wall Stress Amprenavir (APV) −1.53 (1.08) 0.16 −2.19 (1.10) 0.048 −0.67 (0.51) 0.048
Atazanavir (ATV) −0.38 (0.21) 0.067 −0.39 (0.35) 0.27 −0.36 (0.27) 0.27
Stavudine (d4T) 0.02 (0.17) 0.89 0.47 (0.23) 0.040 0.37 (0.21) 0.040
Efavirenz (EFV) −0.43 (0.17) 0.014 −0.56 (0.21) 0.007 −0.52 (0.20) 0.007
Ritonavir (RTV) −0.37 (0.18) 0.045 −0.27 (0.34) 0.43 −0.29 (0.24) 0.43
Tenofovir (TDF) −0.28 (0.16) 0.085 0.00 (0.25) 1.00 0.01 (0.22) 1.00
Zidovudine (ZDV) 0.46 (0.15) 0.002* 0.60 (0.20) 0.004* 0.55 (0.19) 0.004*
LV ES Volume Lamivudine (3TC) −0.07 (0.10) 0.50 −0.29 (0.15) 0.047 −0.26 (0.14) 0.047
Abacavir (ABC) 0.14 (0.11) 0.21 0.28 (0.14) 0.040 0.25 (0.13) 0.040
Zidovudine (ZDV) 0.19 (0.11) 0.095 0.25 (0.15) 0.096 0.24 (0.15) 0.096
LV ED Volume Lamivudine (3TC) −0.10 (0.11) 0.34 −0.37 (0.15) 0.016 −0.33 (0.14) 0.016
Efavirenz (EFV) −0.25 (0.13) 0.052 −0.18 (0.16) 0.28 −0.18 (0.16) 0.28
LV Thickness to Dimension Ratio Zidovudine (ZDV) −0.27 (0.11) 0.012 −0.37 (0.15) 0.011 −0.36 (0.14) 0.012
ED Septal Thickness Lamivudine (3TC) 0.11 (0.10) 0.25 0.27 (0.14) 0.049 0.24 (0.13) 0.070

Only those outcomes and ARVs with nominal p<0.10 by at least one approach are included in Table.

*

Met criteria for significance after controlling False Discovery Rate (FDR) at 0.10 within each echocardiographic measure

1

Parameter estimates reflect shift in mean z-score for each ARV drug based on a linear regression model fit separately to each ART medication, adjusting for age and BMI Z-score at echocardiogram, sex, race, and ethnicity.

2

Parameter estimates refect shift in mean z-score for each ARV drug based on linear regression model including all individual ARVs shown, and adjusting for age and BMI Z-score at echocardiogram, sex, race, and ethnicity.

3

Parameter estimates reflect shift in mean z-score for each ARV drug based on hierarchical linear model including all individual ARVs shown, nested within their respective drug classes, with fixed effects for drug classes and random effects for individual ARVs.