Table 3a.
Adjusted logistic regression results for predictors of EIBF and APF using latest available data
| Variables | EIBF among infants 0–23 monthsOR (95% CI) | APF among infants 0–23 monthsOR (95% CI) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan 2015 (n = 10,830) | Bangladesh 2014 (n = 3,089) | India 2015–2016 (n = 14,614) | Nepal 2016 (n = 1,939) | Pakistan 2012–2013 (n = 1,413) | Afghanistan 2015 (n = 10,563) | Bangladesh 2014 (n = 3,067) | India 2015–2016 (n = 14,241) | Nepal 2016 (n = 1,923) | Pakistan 2012–2013 (n = 1,383) | |
| Child variables | ||||||||||
| Birth size | ||||||||||
| Larger than average | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Average | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.76** (0.66‐0.89) | 0.57* (0.33‐0.98) | ||||
| Smaller than average | 0.64** (0.51–0.80) | 0.82* (0.69‐0.98) | 0.67* (0.45‐1.00) | 0.68* (0.51‐0.89) | 0.54** (0.44‐0.66) | 0.57 (0.30–1.10) | ||||
| Postnatal check‐up | ||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| ≤2 days | 0.71** (0.59–0.86) | 1.29* (1.03‐1.62) | 1.17* (1.04‐1.32) | 0.64 (0.41–1.00) | 0.71* (0.55‐0.90) | 0.69* (0.55‐0.85) | ||||
| >2 days | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 1.16 (0.81–1.68) | 1.26* (1.08‐1.49) | 0.33* (0.17‐0.62) | 0.61** (0.49‐0.75) | 1.13 (0.73–1.74) | ||||
| Maternal variables | ||||||||||
| ANC visit | ||||||||||
| 0–3 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 4+ | 1.63** (1.46‐1.82) | |||||||||
| Birth attendant | ||||||||||
| Nonskilled others | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Traditional birth attendant | 0.52* (0.27‐0.98) | 1.10 (0.77–1.58) | 0.37* (0.20‐0.69) | |||||||
| Health professional | 1.13 (0.72–1.76) | 1.60* (1.18‐2.18) | 1.20 (0.85–1.70) | |||||||
| Current employment | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.54* (1.15‐2.05) | |||||||||
| Decision‐making autonomy | ||||||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Low | 0.88* (0.80‐0.97) | 0.67* (0.46‐0.96) | 0.82* (0.68‐0.99) | 0.83* (0.74‐0.94) | ||||||
| Delivery type | ||||||||||
| Not caesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Cesarean | 0.42** (0.27–0.68) | 0.32** (0.23‐0.44) | 0.53** (0.46‐0.60) | 0.15** (0.10‐0.23) | 0.40* (0.19‐0.81) | 0.40** (0.29‐0.56) | 0.49** (0.42‐0.57) | 0.26** (0.17‐0.41) | ||
| Gender role attitudes | ||||||||||
| Nonconforming | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Conforming | 0.66* (0.46‐0.96) | 0.77* (0.64‐0.94) | ||||||||
| Maternal BMI | ||||||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Underweight | 0.70 (0.39–1.26) | |||||||||
| Overweight | 0.59* (0.40‐0.89) | |||||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||
| No school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Primary | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 1.38 (0.87–2.18) | |||||||
| Secondary+ | 1.19* (1.05‐1.35) | 1.43** (1.23‐1.66) | 1.71* (1.22‐2.41) | |||||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Health facility | 0.76* (0.58–0.98) | 1.41** (1.22‐1.63) | 1.80* (1.18‐2.76) | |||||||
| Household variables | ||||||||||
| Caste | ||||||||||
| India | ||||||||||
| Otherwise backwards caste | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Scheduled caste | 1.21* (1.05‐1.39) | |||||||||
| Scheduled tribe | 2.25** (1.82‐2.79) | |||||||||
| Other | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | |||||||||
| Nepal | ||||||||||
| Relatively Advantaged | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Relatively Disadvantaged | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.71 (0.50–1.00) | ||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 0.74 (0.52–1.17) | ||||||||
| Other | 0.69* (0.49‐0.98) | 0.64* (0.45‐0.91) | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Afghanistan | ||||||||||
| Pashtun | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Tajik | 1.65** (1.26‐2.09) | |||||||||
| Other | 1.56** (1.21‐1.91) | |||||||||
| Household size (members) | ||||||||||
| India | ||||||||||
| 0–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 6–9 | 0.89* (0.80‐0.99) | 0.84* (0.73‐0.96) | ||||||||
| 10+ | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 0.69** (0.59‐0.81) | ||||||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
| Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Richer | 1.37* (1.12‐1.80) | 1.24* (1.04‐1.47) | 0.36* (0.19‐0.68) | 1.25* (1.02‐1.55) | 1.18 (0.79–1.77) | 0.62* (0.38‐1.00) | ||||
| Middle | 1.32* (1.11‐1.77) | 1.41** (1.16‐1.70) | 0.66 (0.35–1.26) | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.26 (0.80–1.98) | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.26* (1.08‐1.72) | 1.42** (1.17‐1.73) | 0.58 (0.31–1.10) | 1.30* (1.06‐1.58) | 1.95* (1.26‐3.01) | 0.82 (0.49–1.39) | ||||
| Poorest | 1.31* (1.16‐1.88) | 1.46* (1.17‐1.81) | 1.11(0.54–2.31) | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 3.60** (2.04‐6.35) | 1.57 (0.89–2.75) | ||||
Note. APF: avoidance of prelacteal feeding; BMI: body mass index; EIBF: early initiation of breastfeeding. Sample sizes are different because models differed by country and by outcome. Final models for EIBF included birth size, postnatal check‐up, place of delivery, delivery type, gender role attitudes, household size, wealth quintile, and ethnicity (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.520; Afghanistan); postnatal check‐up, place of delivery, and gender role attitudes (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.994; Bangladesh); birth size, postnatal check‐up, maternal education, ANC visit, place of delivery, delivery type, decision‐making autonomy, residence, household size, and wealth quintile, caste (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.703; India); birth size, place of delivery, delivery type, residence, wealth quintile, and caste (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.967; Nepal); and postnatal check‐up, maternal education, maternal BMI, delivery type, decision‐making autonomy, and wealth quintile (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.954; Pakistan). Final models for APF included birth size, postnatal check‐up, current employment, gender role attitudes, decision‐making autonomy, and ethnicity (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.879; Afghanistan); postnatal check‐up, place of delivery, delivery type, and residence (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.997; Bangladesh); birth size, maternal education, decision‐making autonomy, delivery type, household size, and caste (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.992; India); maternal age, maternal education, delivery type, household size, wealth quintile, and caste (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.797; Nepal); and birth size, maternal BMI, delivery type, household size, and wealth quintile (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit 0.548; Pakistan).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.001.