Table 2.
Childhood–Adolescent Traumatic Experiences and 12‐Month Stressful Experiences as Baseline Predictors for Depression Onset during Follow‐up
| Bivariate Modela | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | Subsample no. 12‐m MDD | |||||
| n (w) | % (w) | (SE) | OR | 95%CI | PARP (%) | |
| II. Twelve‐month stressful experiences | ||||||
| Life‐threatening illness or injury of a friend or family member | 481 | 21.5 | 1.1 | 1.18 | (0.60–2.34) | 3.9 |
| Death of a friend or family member | 437 | 19.5 | 1.0 | 1.07 | (0.52–2.20) | 1.7 |
| Break‐up with a romantic partner | 394 | 17.7 | 1.0 | 2.63 | (1.37–5.09) | 20.3 |
| Romantic partner cheated | 87 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.81 | (1.11–13.07) | 8.5 |
| Serious betrayal someone else than partner | 210 | 9.4 | 0.7 | 2.35 | (1.07–5.17) | 10.4 |
| Serious ongoing arguments or break‐up with friend or family member | 284 | 12.7 | 0.8 | 2.78 | (1.46–5.31) | 16.7 |
| Life‐threatening accident | 22 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 2.60 | (0.21–32.11) | 1.9 |
| Seriously physically assaulted | 65 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 1.22 | (0.18–8.09) | 1.2 |
| Sexually assaulted or raped | 8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 2.26 | (0.13–38.25) | 0.6 |
| Any serious legal problem | 44 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 2.20 | (0.31–15.73) | 2.6 |
| Any stressful event | 1,177 | 52.5 | 1.2 | 2.12 | (1.20–3.75) | 34.5 |
| Number of stressful experiences | ||||||
| 0 | 1,065 | 47.5 | 1.2 | (ref) | – | – |
| 1 | 620 | 27.6 | 1.1 | 1.53 | (0.83–2.82) | 8.8 |
| 2 | 355 | 15.9 | 0.9 | 2.04 | (1.01–4.13) | 9.8 |
| 3+ | 202 | 9.0 | 0.7 | 4.29 | (1.85–9.96) | 16.2 |
| F‐test (p‐value)b | F = 2.69 (0.046) | |||||
| III. Traumatic experiences (≤ age 17) | ||||||
| Parental psychopathology | 637 | 28.4 | 1.1 | 1.96 | (1.13–3.39) | 19.7 |
| Physical abuse | 96 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 2.01 | (0.74–5.45) | 4.0 |
| Emotional abuse | 329 | 14.7 | 0.8 | 2.51 | (1.34–4.71) | 16.4 |
| Sexual abuse | 18 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 8.01 | (1.64–39.06) | 3.6 |
| Neglect | 116 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 1.44 | (0.51–4.05) | 2.4 |
| Bully victimization | 570 | 25.4 | 1.1 | 1.19 | (0.68–2.09) | 4.5 |
| Dating violence | 115 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 2.94 | (1.03–8.40) | 8.5 |
| Any traumatic experience | 1,141 | 50.9 | 1.2 | 2.00 | (1.17–3.43) | 31.5 |
| Number of traumatic experiences | ||||||
| 0 | 1,099 | 49.1 | 1.2 | (ref) | – | – |
| 1 | 688 | 30.7 | 1.1 | 1.46 | (0.80–2.66) | 9.0 |
| 2 | 272 | 12.1 | 0.8 | 2.57 | (1.28–5.15) | 11.4 |
| 3+ | 181 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 3.43 | (1.52–7.74) | 11.7 |
| F‐test (p‐value)b | F = 3.04 (0.029) | |||||
Note. Significant odds ratios/PARPs are shown in bold (α = 0.05); OR = odds ratio; PARP = population attributable risk proportion.
a
The bivariate associations are based on a separate model for each row, with the variable in the row as the only predictor in the model, adjusted for lifetime MDD at baseline.
b
Cochran–Armitage trend test. The F‐test evaluates significance (α = 0.05) of 200 pooled Cochran–Armitage χ2 (3) linear trend tests.