Figure 1.

Frequency and function of CD4CD8 T cells in PBMC and BAL during macaque Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. A, Increased frequencies of CD4CD8 T cells in PBMCs are seen at 4 wks after infection (from baseline) with an increase in Mtb‐specific production of TNF and granzyme B observed among CD4CD8 T cells. Cytokine production in ESAT6‐CFP10‐stimulated PBMC was subtracted from cytokine production by PBMC incubated with media. (B) An increased frequency of CD4CD8 T cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is observed soon after Mtb infection with increased Mtb‐specific TNF production. Samples were obtained before infection (“Pre”), at 4 (“4 wk”) and 12 (“12 wk”) weeks after Mtb infection, and at the time in which animals met the clinical definition of active or latent infection (“Dx”). Twenty‐four and 28 monkeys were included in the PBMC and BAL analyses, respectively. Kruskal‐Wallis tests with Dunn's multiple comparison post test were used to determine significance with P‐values as indicated