Table 2.

Psychotherapy Treatments Used in Combination Treatment Studies

Therapy Type	Source	Brief Description	Structure
Cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy	Beck et al. (14)	Cognitive therapy targets dysfunctional beliefs or cognitions believed to contribute to depression and risk for future depressive episodes. Cognitive therapy uses methods of challenging automatic thoughts that reinforce depressed mood, with the aim of changing the underlying beliefs that negatively bias attention and thought processes. Behavioral components focus on the relationship between activity and mood, encouraging engagement in behaviors and contexts that are reinforcing and consistent with the patient’s long-term goals. Activation strategies used include self-monitoring, scheduling daily activities, rating pleasure and accomplishment with activities, and role-playing.	16–24 individual 1-hour sessions
Cognitive-behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP)	McCullough (15)	CBASP was developed specifically for chronic forms of depression that integrate behavioral, cognitive, interpersonal, and psychodynamic elements. CBASP uses situational analysis to identify recent, distressing, interpersonal events with the aim of improving social problem-solving skills and changing patterns of coping.	16–20 individual 1-hour sessions
Interpersonal psychotherapy	Klerman et al. (16)	Interpersonal psychotherapy links depressed mood to a problematic life event, such as complicated bereavement, role transition, or role dispute, or to more general interpersonal deficits. Expression and understanding of affect within the therapeutic alliance are pursued, along with analysis of the patient’s communication patterns.	12–20 individual 1-hour sessions
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy	Segal et al. (17)	This skills-training program integrates traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques with mindfulness-based stress reduction; its aim is to reduce the likelihood of depressive relapse through changing the way patients relate to their thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations—specifically how to break free from automatic, often ruminative, dysfunctional cognitive routines.	Eight group 2.50-hour sessions
Short psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy	de Jonhge (18)	This psychodynamic approach focuses initially on interpersonal aspects with subsequent focus on an intrapersonal perspective examining internalizations of relevant former relationships. Interventions vary from supportive mechanisms to enhancing insight as well as exploring affects and confrontation.	16 individual 1-hour sessions