Table 2. Hazard ratios and population attributable risk of ischemic heart disease according to lifestyle-related factors.
| Total | Men | Women | Pinteractionb | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Person-year | HRa | 95% CI | PAR % | Cases | Person-year | HRa | 95% CI | PAR % | Cases | Person-year | HRa | 95% CI | PAR % | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||
| <25 | 19,430 | 1,610,884 | 1.00 | Ref. | 10,705 | 856,239 | 1.00 | Ref. | 8,725 | 754,645 | 1.00 | Ref. | 0.1949 | |||
| ≥25 | 10,033 | 577,557 | 1.31 | (1.28, 1.34) | 8.06 | 6,374 | 405,232 | 1.29 | (1.25, 1.33) | 8.39 | 3,659 | 172,326 | 1.30 | (1.25, 1.35) | 6.82 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||||||
| <100 | 21,664 | 1,736,649 | 1.00 | Ref. | 11,949 | 957,509 | 1.00 | Ref. | 9,715 | 779,141 | 1.00 | Ref. | 0.2753 | |||
| ≥100 | 7,799 | 451,792 | 1.10 | (1.07, 1.13) | 2.41 | 5,130 | 303,962 | 1.10 | (1.07, 1.14) | 2.73 | 2,669 | 147,830 | 1.10 | (1.05, 1.14) | 1.96 | |
| Meal type | ||||||||||||||||
| Balanced | 21,869 | 1,649,931 | 1.00 | Ref. | 13,231 | 982,272 | 1.00 | Ref. | 8,638 | 666,659 | 1.00 | Ref. | ||||
| Mainly vegetables | 6,018 | 400,816 | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.04) | 0.20 | 2,640 | 182,935 | 0.98 | (0.94, 1.03) | -0.32 | 3,378 | 217,881 | 1.03 | (0.99, 1.07) | 0.79 | 0.0012 |
| Mainly meat | 1,576 | 138,694 | 1.15 | (1.09, 1.21) | 0.70 | 1,208 | 96,264 | 1.17 | (1.10, 1.24) | 1.03 | 368 | 42,430 | 1.09 | (0.98, 1.21) | 0.25 | |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||||
| Never | 18,225 | 1,332,368 | 1.00 | Ref. | 6,457 | 450,451 | 1.00 | Ref. | 11,768 | 881,917 | 1.00 | Ref. | ||||
| Former | 2,748 | 184,881 | 1.08 | (1.04, 1.13) | 0.69 | 2,572 | 169,257 | 1.07 | (1.02, 1.12) | 0.99 | 176 | 15,624 | 1.19 | (1.02, 1.38) | 0.23 | 0.0174 |
| Current | 8,490 | 671,192 | 1.09 | (1.06, 1.13) | 2.38 | 8,050 | 641,763 | 1.06 | (1.03, 1.10) | 2.67 | 440 | 29,429 | 1.20 | (1.09, 1.33) | 0.59 | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| None | 15,497 | 1,005,517 | 1.00 | Ref. | 5,781 | 369,071 | 1.00 | Ref. | 9,716 | 636,446 | 1.00 | Ref. | ||||
| ≤twice/week | 10,426 | 981,063 | 0.89 | (0.87, 0.92) | -4.37 | 8,041 | 709,587 | 0.89 | (0.86, 0.92) | -5.82 | 2,385 | 271,488 | 0.91 | (0.87, 0.96) | -1.90 | 0.0902 |
| ≥3 times/week | 3,540 | 201,850 | 1.00 | (0.96, 1.04) | -0.04 | 3,257 | 182,813 | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.05) | 0.19 | 283 | 19,037 | 1.05 | (0.93, 1.19) | 0.11 | |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||
| None | 16,546 | 1,203,047 | 1.00 | Ref. | 8,525 | 598,827 | 1.00 | Ref. | 8,021 | 604,220 | 1.00 | Ref. | ||||
| ≤twice/week | 7,432 | 618,269 | 0.97 | (0.94, 0.99) | -0.78 | 5,196 | 434,438 | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) | -1.27 | 2,236 | 183,831 | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.01) | -0.56 | 0.6468 |
| ≥3 times/week | 5,485 | 367,125 | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.02) | -0.19 | 3,358 | 228,206 | 0.98 | (0.94, 1.02) | -0.40 | 2,127 | 138,919 | 0.98 | (0.94, 1.03) | -0.35 | |
| Total numbers of risk factorsc | ||||||||||||||||
| No risk factors | 2,560 | 236,044 | 1.00 | Ref. | 978 | 85,877 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1,582 | 150,167 | 1.00 | Ref. | ||||
| 1–2 risk factors | 18,474 | 1,452,546 | 1.14 | (1.09, 1.19) | 7.60 | 9,534 | 767,606 | 1.10 | (1.03, 1.17) | 4.94 | 8,940 | 684,941 | 1.15 | (1.09, 1.21) | 9.36 | 0.0001 |
| 3–4 risk factors | 7,927 | 476,557 | 1.35 | (1.29, 1.41) | 14.50 | 6,091 | 385,315 | 1.29 | (1.21, 1.38) | 12.96 | 1,836 | 91,242 | 1.37 | (1.28, 1.47) | 13.38 | |
| 5–6 risk factors | 502 | 23,294 | 1.74 | (1.58, 1.92) | 15.32 | 476 | 22,673 | 1.66 | (1.48, 1.85) | 14.06 | 26 | 620 | 3.21 | (2.18, 4.73) | 13.52 | |
aHRs were adjusted for age, sex (for total subjects only), income level, and additionally mutually adjusted for lifestyle-related factors (all categorical variables).
bPinteraction: p value of interaction between lifestyle-related factor and sex
cRisk factors were defined as BMI≥25 kg/m2, FBG≥100 mg/dL, mainly vegetable/mainly meat meal diet, former/current smoking, ≥3 times/week alcohol consumption, or no physical activity; and HRs were adjusted for age, sex (for total subjects only), and income level (all categorical variables).
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PAR, population attributable risk; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose