Table 2.

Factors associated with sleep efficiency

		Crude		Fully adjusted
Variables	Sleep efficiency < 80% (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P
Sex
Men	21.4	1.00		1.00
Women	33.1	1.82 (1.52–2.17)	<0.001	1.32 (1.06–1.61)	0.010
Age group
65–74	26.2	1.00		1.00
≥ 75	31.5	1.30 (1.09–1.55)	0.004	1.23 (1.01–1.49)	0.038
Marital status
Married/Com.-law	26.0	1.00		1.00
Single/Sep.-Div./Widowed	30.4	1.25 (1.04–1.49)	0.015	1.11 (0.92–1.35)	0.277
Education
Post high school	24.6	1.00		1.00
None to high school	30.4	1.33 (1.10–1.61)	0.003	1.18 (0.96–1.45)	0.118
Geographic location
Urban	28.3	1.00		1.00
Rural	28.6	1.01 (0.85–1.21)	0.882	1.03 (0.85–1.25)	0.791
Exercise before bedtime
Never	28.3	1.00		1.00
Rarely to often	29.1	1.04 (0.82–1.32)	0.764	1.00 (0.78–1.29)	0.990
Naps
Never or rarely	27.8	1.00		1.00
Sometimes to very often	28.9	1.06 (0.89–1.26)	0.539	0.93 (0.77–1.13)	0.470
Caffeine after 6 p.m.
Never	29.6	1.00		1.00
Rarely to often	25.8	0.82 (0.68–1.00)	0.046	0.96 (0.78–1.18)	0.694
Mood disorder
No	27.9	1.00		1.00
Yes	35.2	1.40 (1.00–1.95)	0.047	0.86 (0.59–1.23)	0.402
Anxiety disorder
No	28.0	1.00		1.00
Yes	37.8	1.56 (1.05–2.31)	0.027	1.14 (0.74–1.75)	0.558
Sleep medication
0 per month	23.7	1.00		1.00
≥ once per month	40.3	2.17 (1.80–2.62)	<0.001	1.82 (1.48–2.22)	<0.001
Nocturia
< 4 per month	22.5	1.00		1.00
≥ 4 per month	40.0	2.30 (1.92–2.76)	<0.001	1.98 (1.63–2.40)	<0.001
Pain
0 per month	23.5	1.00		1.00
≥ once per month	44.8	2.65 (2.17–3.22)	<0.001	2.01 (1.61–2.50)	<0.001
Bad dreams
0 per month	26.1	1.00		1.00
≥ once per month	43.2	2.15 (1.70–2.73)	<0.001	1.66 (1.28–2.15)	<0.001
Painful illness
No	21.9	1.00		1.00
Yes	34.1	1.84 (1.54–2.20)	<0.001	1.32 (1.08–1.62)	0.006
Cardiac illness
No	26.5	1.00		1.00
Yes	29.1	1.14 (0.93–1.38)	0.206	0.95 (0.76–1.17)	0.601
Respiratory illness
No	28.2	1.00		1.00
Yes	29.5	1.06 (0.83–1.35)	0.649	0.86 (0.67–1.12)	0.268
Other illness
No	27.2	1.00		1.00
Yes	29.9	1.15 (0.96–1.37)	0.131	0.98 (0.81–1.19)	0.845

CI = Confidence interval.