Table 1.

Patient characteristics, across race/ethnicity

Patient characteristics	Non-Hispanic white	Non-Hispanic black	Hispanic	Asian Indian	Chinese	Filipino	Japanese	Korean	Vietnamese
Total number	9011	432	3777	5069	3206	1096	682	462	460
Age at delivery (years)	32.9	30.8	29.6	31.3	34.3	32.6	34.8	33.9	33.9
≥35years (%)	38.1	27.8	21.6	18.0	46.9	35.0	51.9	42.2	43.7
Education (%)
High school or less	10.7	24.4	49.1	1.2	1.6	7.4	7.0	2.8	8.8
Some college	16.2	30.6	25.5	1.4	4.3	25.5	14.7	7.7	10.3
College degree or above	73.1	45.0	25.4	97.4	94.1	67.1	78.3	89.5	80.9
Parity (%)
0	57.1	53.5	44.6	55.8	60.7	49.5	58.2	56.7	53.9
1	30.4	28.2	31.8	41.4	33.4	32.0	34.2	35.3	34.8
2 or more	12.5	18.3	23.6	2.8	5.9	18.5	7.6	8.0	11.3
Smoking (%)	1.6	2.6	0.9	0.1	0.1	0.8	0.3	0.4	0.7
Primary Insurance (%)
Medi-Cal	4.7	13.9	28.1	0.3	0.8	1.6	0.3	0.9	2.0
HMO	35.0	35.4	30.5	27.6	38.7	43.6	22.4	30.7	39.8
PPO	58.8	44.4	38.3	71.8	59.8	53.3	74.6	67.5	57.2
Other	1.5	6.3	3.1	0.3	0.7	1.5	2.7	0.9	1.0
Pre-pregnancy BMI (%)
Normal weight (BMI < 25)	70.1	48.4	49.8	71.9	91.1	69.9	92.5	87.5	88.9
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30)	20.3	29.2	30.0	23.4	7.8	20.9	6.5	10.0	9.6
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	9.6	22.4	20.2	4.7	1.1	9.2	1.0	2.5	1.5
Pre-pregnancy BMI (WHO/ADA) (%)
Normal weight (BMI < 23)				49.5	76.7	46.4	81.7	71.2	75.7
Overweight (23 ≤ BMI < 27.5)				39.0	20.5	37.2	15.5	24.0	19.3
Obese (BMI ≥ 27.5)				11.5	2.8	16.4	2.8	4.8	5.0
Family history of T2DM (%)	36.0	47.6	57.1	58.4	39.7	58.1	31.3	37.4	46.9
Nativity (%)
Foreign-borne	21.2	27.6	50.0	97.0	85.8	68.6	85.9	85.5	90.4
GDM (%)	7.0	4.9	10.8	17.8	16.4	18.8	8.5	12.1	18.7
Age-adjusted GDM (%)	7.0	4.9	13.3	19.3	15.3	19.0	9.7	12.9	18.8

PPO, preferred provider organisation; HMO, health maintenance organisation.