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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Solids Struct. 2018 Apr 26;144-145:137–144. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.04.019

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Normalized effective toughness versus crack extension for models with ϕt = 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. The bars represent the standard deviation computed over 10 replicas. The solid lines are guides to the eye, showing the R-curve behavior.