TABLE 4.
Effects of whole-grain foods compared with refined-grain foods (or usual diet) on cardiovascular risk markers, blood pressure, body weight, and body fat: results from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials1
| Outcome | Meta-analysis reference | Number of trials included | Mean difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention studies | |||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | Ye et al. (7) | 13 | –0.93 (–1.65, –0.21) |
| Marventano et al. (91) | 15 | –0.04 (–2.26, 0.04) | |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L−1 | Ye et al. (7) | 12 | –0.29 (–0.59, 0.01) |
| Marventano et al. (91) | 14 | –2.26 (–6.58, 2.06) | |
| HOMA-IR | Marventano et al. (91) | 7 | –0.18 (–0.48, 0.13) |
| Fasting cholesterol, mmol/L | Ye et al. (7) | 20 | –0.83 (–1.23, –0.42) |
| Kelly et al. (90) | 7 | 0.07 (–0.07, 0.21) | |
| Fasting LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | Ye et al. (7) | 19 | –0.82 (–1.31, –0.33) |
| Kelly et al. (90) | 8 | 0.06 (–0.05, 0.16) | |
| Fasting HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | Kelly et al. (90) | 8 | –0.02 (–0.05, 0.01) |
| Fasting triglycerides, mmol/L | Kelly et al. (90) | 8 | 0.03 (–0.08, 0.13) |
| Body weight, kg | Ye et al. (7) | 12 | –0.18 (–0.54, 0.18) |
| Pol et al. (92) | 31 | 0.06 (–0.09, 0.20) | |
| Kelly et al. (90) | 5 | –0.41 (–1.04, 0.23) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | Kelly et al. (90) | 5 | –0.12 (–0.24, 0.01) |
| Body fat, % | Pol et al. (92) | 9 | –0.48 (–0.95, –0.01) |
| Waist circumference, cm | Pol et al. (92) | 11 | –0.15 (–0.51, 0.22) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | Ye et al. (7) | 7 | –0.06 (–0.21, 0.10) |
| Kelly et al. (90) | 8 | 0.04 (–1.67, 1.75) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | Ye et al. (7) | 7 | –0.05 (–0.21, 0.11) |
| Kelly et al. (90) | 7 | 0.16 (–0.89, 1.21) | |
| Acute feeding studies | |||
| iAUC glucose 120, mmol · min · L−1 | Marventano et al. (91) | 23 | –29.71 (–43.57, –15.85) |
| iAUC glucose 180, mmol · min · L−1 | 8 | –15.40 (–31.52, 0.73) | |
| iAUC insulin 120, mmol · min · L−1 | 7 | –2.01 (–2.88, –1.14) | |
| iAUC insulin 180, mmol · min · L−1 | 13 | –3.64 (–5.00, –2.28) | |
| Maximum postprandial glucose, mmol/L | 11 | –0.25 (–0.43, –0.06) | |
| Maximum postprandial insulin, pmol/L | 8 | –73.78 (–108.56, –38.99) | |
1
iAUC, incremental area under the curve.