TABLE 2.

Independent Predictors of a Disability Pension in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome of 191 Patients Treated With Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Kuopio University Hospital between 1996 and 2014

Variable (n = 191)	DP/All	%	OR	95% Cl	P
Gender					.06
Male (ref.)	23/104	22.1
Female	31/94	33.0	1.92	0.97-3.76
Age		1.01	0.97-1.05	.67
Group					.05*
SCS in use at the end of follow-up (ref.)	25/115	21.7
SCS explanted during follow-up	13/40	32.5	1.80	0.76-4.27	.18
Trial only	16/43	37.2	2.64	1.18-5.89	.02*
Location of pain					.30
Extremity (ref.)	19/80	23.8
Extremity and back	35/118	29.7	1.46	0.72-2.99
Duration of pain in years		1.03	0.98-1.09	.29
Number of previous operations before implantation		1.23	0.97-1.55	.09
Spinal fusion					.83
Yes (ref.)	18/64	28.1
No	35/131	26.7	1.09	0.50-2.34

DP, disability pension; SCS, spinal cord stimulation.

*P < .05.