Table 3.
Changes in proactive bystander behavior and secondary outcomes as a function of treatment condition
| Control | Treatment | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | T1 | T3 | T4 | T3-T1 | T4-T1 | T1 | T3 | T4 | T3-T1 (EF, p value) | T4-T1 (EF, p value) |
| 1218 | 1122 | 655 | 1008 | 944 | 517 | |||||
| Knowledge | 63.0 | 68.1 | 69.7 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 61.2 | 78.2 | 75.7 | 17.0 (0.54, 0.0000) | 14.5 (0.33, 0.0000) |
| Traditional Gender Expectations | 11.6 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 11.0 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 0.8 (0.06, 0.2061) | 1.4 (0.06, 0.2773) |
| Rape Denial | 34.8 | 31.6 | 30.1 | −3.2 | −4.7 | 34.6 | 28.8 | 27.7 | −5.8 (0.14, 0.0028) | −6.9 (0.11, 0.0333) |
| Bothered by the Media | 51.4 | 49.8 | 50.7 | −1.6 | −0.7 | 50.2 | 55.9 | 55.0 | 5.7 (0.41, 0.0000) | 4.8 (0.28, 0.0000) |
| Bystander Readiness- Denial | 38.6 | 37.4 | 36.7 | −1.2 | −1.9 | 39.2 | 33.9 | 32.8 | −5.3 (0.24, 0.0000) | −6.4 (0.24, 0.0000) |
| Positive Attitudes Towards Helping | 70.7 | 69.0 | 70.2 | −1.7 | −0.5 | 71.0 | 71.5 | 70.1 | 0.5 (0.15, 0.0030) | −0.9 (0.03, 0.5563) |
| Bystander Barriers | 48.3 | 51.0 | 49.8 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 48.8 | 53.2 | 51.1 | 4.4 (0.10, 0.0350) | 2.3 (0.04, 0.4191) |
| Victim Empathy | 46.4 | 45.0 | 47.1 | −1.4 | 0.7 | 46.9 | 48.2 | 49.2 | 1.3 (0.13 0.0093) | 2.3 (0.07, 0.1990) |
| Proactive Bystander Behavior | ||||||||||
| Past Year Prevention Talk | 57.5 | NA | 74.2 | NA | 16.7 | 49.2 | NA | 81.6 | NA | 32.4 (0.07, 0.1756) |
| Past Year Use Social Media | 102.6 | NA | 99.8 | NA | −2.8 | 102.8 | NA | 105.2 | NA | 2.4 (0.02, 0.7260) |
| Past Year Talk About Safety | 158.6 | NA | 150.7 | NA | −7.9 | 161.9 | NA | 164.4 | NA | 2.5 (0.04, 0.5296) |
| Past 2 Months Prevention Talk | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 (0.02, 0.6917) | 0.2 (0.01, 0.8684) |
| Past 2 Months Use Social Media | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 (0.06, 0.2218) | 0.1 (0.13, 0.0140) |
| Past 2 Months Talk About Safety | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 (0.01, 0.8896) | 0.1 (0.01, 0.8696) |
Note. Significant findings are bolded. The effect size (EF) is the comparison of change score of treatment condition and the change score in control condition. The p value is to compare the change score in treatment condition with that in control condition. The response categories for proactive bystander behavior were converted as follows: 0=0 times, 1.5=1–2 times, 4=3–5 times, 7.5=6–9 times and 10=10 or more times.