Table 2.
Factors associated with development of delirium
| No delirium (N = 36) | Delirium (N = 19) | p value | OR (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline factors | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.9 (12.8) | 76.1 (12.6) | 0.01 | 1.1 (1.02–1.1) |
| Gender, N female (%) | 12 (33%) | 3 (16%) | 0.2 | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) |
| Dementia, N (%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (15%) | 0.4 | 2 (0.4–12.3) |
| Smoker, N (%) | 1 (3%) | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Alcohol abuse, N (%) | 6 (17%) | 4 (21%) | 0.69 | 1.3 (0.3–5) |
| Baseline functional impairment, N (%) | 6 (17%) | 10 (53%) | 0.007 | 5.6 (1.6–21) |
| APACHE II, mean (SD) | 7.9 (4.5) | 13.1 (7.1) | 0.006 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
| GCS, mean (SD) | 14.6 (1.5) | 13.3 (3.3) | 0.09 | 0.8 (0.6-l.0) |
| Imaging features | ||||
| Acute hemorrhage, N (%)a | 25 (69%) | 16 (84%) | 0.23 | 2.4 (0.6–11.6) |
| Bilateral, N (%) | 13 (36%) | 3 (16%) | 0.28 | 0.4 (0.1–1.9) |
| Midline shift, N (%) | 19 (53%) | 16 (84%) | 0.03 | 4.8 (1.3–23) |
| Volume, mean (SD) | 69.9 (43.9) | 76.9 (48) | 0.6 | 1 (0.99–1.02) |
| Factors affecting mobilization | ||||
| Foley catheter, N (%) | 11 (31%) | 9 (47%) | 0.22 | 2.1 (0.7–6.6) |
| Restraints (2Pt), N (%) | 6 (17%) | 2 (11%) | 0.5 | 0.6 (0.1–2.9) |
| Subdural drain, N (%) | 4 (11%) | 6 (32%) | 0.07 | 3.7 (0.9–17.6) |
| Medicationsb | ||||
| IV narcotic, N (%) | 19 (53%) | 6 (32%) | 0.1 | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) |
| Benzodiazepines, N (%) | 8 (22%) | 4 (21%) | 0.9 | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) |
| Antipsychotics, N (%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (16%) | 0.2 | 3.2 (0.5–26) |
| Propofol, N (%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (11%) | 0.3 | 4.1 (0.1–92) |
| Dexmedetomidine, N (%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (26%) | 0.03 | 12.5 (1.8–251) |
| Iatrogenic factors | ||||
| Post-op pneumocephalus, N (%) | 9 (25%) | 6 (32%) | 0.6 | 1.4 (0.4–4.7) |
| Operation, N (%) | 25 (69%) | 16 (84%) | 0.2 | 2.4 (0.6–12) |
| Burr hole, N (%) | 22 (61%) | 5 (26%) | 0.02 | 0.2 (0.06–0.7) |
| Craniotomy, N (%) | 5 (14%) | 3 (16%) | 0.08 | 3.9 (0.9–16.6) |
| Intercurrent illness | ||||
| Infection, N (%) | 2 (6%) | 7 (37%) | 0.008 | 9.9 (2.1–73.1) |
| Acute kidney injury, N (%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (15%) | 0.11 | 6.6 (0.8–138) |
| Seizure, N (%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (11%) | 0.3 | 4.1 (0.4–92) |
APACHEII acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; GCS glasgow coma score; IV intravenous; OR odds ratio; SD standard deviation
a
Defined as either acute hemorrhage or acute on chronic hemorrhage
b
Medications were only considered to be a risk factor for developing delirium if they were administered within 24 h of developing delirium